STEM Other – 2022 UG Research Conference https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference Sat, 12 Mar 2022 20:27:03 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.1.1 Anna Seggewisse https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/anna-seggewisse/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=anna-seggewisse https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/anna-seggewisse/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/v7wcjmcn/
Anna Seggewisse

Anna Seggewisse

Psychology (Bailrigg) | Year 3 | Degree: B.Sc. (Hons) Psychology
Examining Cortical Hyperexcitability as a Predictor of Illusionary Experiences in Schizotypals












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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/anna-seggewisse/feed/ 0 Elaine Sue May Tan https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/elaine-sue-may-tan/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=elaine-sue-may-tan https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/elaine-sue-may-tan/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/svs44xj3/
Elaine Sue May Tan

Elaine Sue May Tan

Psychology (Sunway) | Year 3 | Degree: Bachelor of Science (Hons) Psychology
Forgiveness and Mental Health: Examining the Relationship Between Big Five Personality and Forgiveness

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Does the capacity of forgiveness intertwine with personality?


Is forgiveness a significant variable of the mental health for Malaysian? 



To investigate whether forgiveness affects mental health.


To determine the difference between self- and other-forgivenes.


To find out the relationship between each Big Five Personality trait and forgiveness.



  • 185 adults aged between 19-60 years old
  • 67 men and 118 women
  • General public recruited via social media platforms
  • The majority of participants were Christians, university graduates, full-time employees, and single.


  • The Big Five Personality Trait Short Questionnaire (BFPTSQ)
  • The Forgiveness of Self and Forgiveness of Other(s) subscales of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale
  • The 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)


RESULTS & CONCLUSION


  • Both self- and other-forgiveness have a significant impact on mental health.
  • Self-forgiveness has a stronger association with mental health as compared to other-forgiveness.
  • Agreeableness was positively associated with other-forgiveness but not self-forgiveness; High neuroticism was associated with a lower tendency to forgive oneself and others; High extraversion is associated with a high tendency to forgive oneself and others; Conscientiousness was not associated with forgiveness; High openness is associated with a high tendency to forgive others but not oneself.




  • Theoretical implications in support to the propositions of the stress-and-coping model of forgiveness by Lazarus and Folkman (1984).
  • Clinical implications based on the importance of both personality and forgiveness to mental health, in which practitioners may help clients by incorporating their understanding of clients’ personalities and forgiveness tendencies into the focus of their psychotherapy sessions.
  • Practical implications in the field of education, such as the practice of prevention and intervention strategies in combating psychological stress among undergraduates.

 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Grace Yap for her guidance and advice during the course of this research. I am also thankful to my family and friends for their kind words of encouragement and advice while conducting the research. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents for the opportunity of education.


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/elaine-sue-may-tan/feed/ 0 Charlotte Moran https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/charlotte-moran/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=charlotte-moran https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/charlotte-moran/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/e668jtxv/
Charlotte Moran

Charlotte Moran

Lancaster Medical School (Bailrigg) | Year 2 | Degree: MBChB Medicine and Surgery
How differing procurement processes, used during the COVID-19 pandemic, have and will continue to affect the relationship between NHS and Independent Sector Provision Post-COVID?

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How differing procurement processes, used during the COVID-19 pandemic, have and will continue to affect the relationship between NHS and Independent Sector Provision Post-COVID?


I would like to thank Dr Mary Guy for her support and constructive comments throughout this process.


Introduction

Papers, procurement policy and processes were reviewed to consider if the pattern/methodology of procurement, and mobilisation of services had changed from pre-COVID, to during-COVID. The impact on healthcare of these differing policies and processes were considered. Review of procurement processes and resultant contracts and their use has taken place.


Methodology

A critical analysis of policy initiatives, procurement guidance and legal frameworks from 2000 onwards that affect the relationship between NHS and Independent Sector Providers (ISPs). Databases used; OneSearch, PubMed, British Medical Association, Parliamentary Archives, National Audit Office, GOV.UK and The King’s Fund.


Background

During the pandemic, the need for additional capacity to cope with the emergency demand and planned elective care restoration required different policies and processes to drive an urgent response.
A pandemic is considered a national incident and as such is managed under the governance of NHS England’s Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response Framework (EPRRF); giving NHS England emergency powers for national decision-making and take a Command and Control approach for the delivery of a strategic response to manage this incident.(1)



Pre-COVID 19 Procurement

The Health and Social Care Act (HSCA) 2012 states that parties must meet procurement requirements surrounding competitive tendering for the provision of services.(2)  In 2015 the EU Procurement Directives came into force; the UK government prioritised the Public Contracts Directive (PCD 2015)for early application.(3) The shift created a focus on undertaking due process to get the best supplier and best tender in accordance with sound commercial practice. This includes the obligation to tender contracts in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU)(2, 3, 4) and to ensure any contract for NHS services satisfies the ‘threefold objective(5):

1) Securing the needs of people who use the services
2) Improving the quality of the services
3) Improving efficiency in the provision of the services’.

The NHS is duty bound to treat all providers equally and non-discriminatorily and it must act in a transparent way, thus the scope to procure services without competitive tendering is limited, except where only one provider is available(4) or where adopting anti-competitive behaviour:
1) aids delivery of integrated services
2) is in the interest of the patient
3) encourages co-operation between service providers improves the quality of services.(5)


During-COVID 19 Procurement

In March 2020, NHS England signed a contract with independent sector providers whereby they would make all their facilities available to cope with the required NHS capacity increase during the pandemic, with the NHS covering operating costs. The ISP contract was expected to reduce the unmet need by increasing independent sector provision for NHS patients.(6)
Service demands of the pandemic meant the government used a procurement framework to obtain services to the value of £10.6bn awarded without guarantee of activity without competition.(7)

This contract established a guaranteed income stream and avoided potential financial loss caused by the pandemic. The contract superseded all existing contracts between the NHS and ISPs, allowing ‘provision of full hospital capacity and services including acute bed capacity, facilities, diagnostics, staffing, management and full organisation capability’.(7,9)

In 2021 the Centre for Health and the Public Interest thinktank called for the contracts to be disclosed and stated their assumption that purchased capacity was being underused – querying the value for money of ISPs. Disclosed information shows many independent hospital beds went unfilled, leaving large undisclosed amounts being spent without clear outcomes. ISPs treated only 0.08% of the UKs COVID-19 patients however, the contract delivered “1,200 ventilators and around two million consultations, tests, operations and chemotherapy sessions”. Without contract specifications it is impossible to understand whether this is value for money.(8,9)


Post-COVID 19 Procurement

The new Health and Care Bill (HCB), aims to reduce the bureaucracy and costs in the procurement process and remove the barriers that prevent integration.(10) This clearly highlights a movement towards a culture of collaboration not competition. Primarily it intends to procure in the best interests of patients, taxpayers and the population.
The HCB also revokes the NHS Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition Regulations 2013 (No.2). The new regulations “NHS Provider Selection Regime” ensures transparency and fairness in relation to procurement, ensuring that compliance can be verified. (11) The new HCB also removes a financial threshold regarding contracts that go to tender creating a more transparent competitive market.(10)



Discussion

The relationship between the NHS and independent health care is most-beneficial when it is collaborative or even symbiotic rather than competitive.(12, 13)
The Royal College of Surgeons have clearly stated that dealing with the increased waiting list on the NHS due to COVID-19 could take years to address, and ISPs will be crucial in this. The relationships and understanding that the NHS and ISPs have developed through the pandemic will become invaluable over the long term.(14)
NHS procurement during the pandemic has been subject to scrutiny by the National Audit Office (NAO). Despite the contract delivering cohesion, the NAO still see a real need to adhere to procurement processes, stating a need for transparency and consistency within the contracts. The NAO scrutinised the methods of procurement used during the pandemic, this could mean that new methods spawned from this could cause future tension. (15)


Conclusion

Until the impact of the award and implementation of the contracts used during the COVID-19 pandemic are disclosed and fully reviewed, little assurance can be given that this procurement methodology and mobilisation process will lead to a more cohesive symbiotic system relationship which delivers value for money and high-quality care.
As a result of the pandemic the relationship between the NHS and ISPs has created a system of collaboration not rivalry. Collaboration occurred on many different levels including between NHS England and local commissioners which enabled better communication and streamlined procurement processes. (16)
Recovery from COVID-19, requires system planning and delivery with integrated working, cross-organisational actions and collaborative efforts between the NHS and ISPs working within budgets to provide high-quality services. It is hoped this system working will ensure services are affordable within the collective financial budgets.(16)


References

(1) NHS England National Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response Framework. England: NHS England; 2013 21/03/2013. (2) Health and Social Care Act 2012, (27/03/2012, 2012). (3) Public Procurement Policy: Public Contracts Regulations 2015 UK: GOV.UK; 2015 [updated 08/01/2021. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/public-sector-procurement-policy#public-contracts-regulations-2015. (4) Collins B. Procurement and Competition rules: Can the NHS be exempted? Report. England; 2015 18 March 2015. (5) Smith S, Owens D, Heard E. New procurement legislation for English Healthcare Bodies – The National Health Service (Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition) (No.2) Regulations 2013. Public procurement law review. 2013;4:NA109-NA15. (6) Stevens S, Amanda P. Next steps on NHS response to COVID-19: Letter from Sir Simon Stevens and Amanda Pritchard. In: Chief executives of all NHS trusts and foundation trusts, CCG Accountable Officers, Networks GpaPC, services Poch, editors. UK: NHS England; 2020. p. 17.(7) The role of private outsourcing in the COVID-19 response. British Medical Association. 2020:17. (8) Ryan S, Rowland D, McCoy D, Leys C. For Whose Benefit? NHS England’s contract with the private hospital sector in the first year of the pandemic. UK: Centre for Health and the Public Interest; 2021 September 2021. (9) Limb M. Covid-19: Private hospitals “fell well short” in delivering care during the pandemic, says report. BMJ. 2021:n2471. (10) Calder K, Drabu H, Burnett C, Hocking S, Robertson A, Fletcher V. Loosening the ties that bind: new NHS procurement regime proposed. DAC BEACHCROFT. 2021:1. (11) Health and Care Bill. In: Care DoHaS, editor. UK: The House of Lords; 2021. p. 256. (12) The NHS Constitution for England UK: GOV.UK; 2021 [updated 01/01/2021. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-nhs-constitution-for-england/the-nhs-constitution-for-england#patients-and-the-public-your-rights-and-the-nhs-pledges-to-you (13) Guy M. Between ‘going private’ and ‘NHS privatisation’: Patient choice, competition reforms and the relationship between the NHS and private healthcare in England. Legal studies (Society of Legal Scholars). 2019;39(3):479-98. (14) Hare D. The NHS’ relationship with private providers ‘has changed before our eyes’. Health Service Journal. 2020. (15) Investigation into government procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic: HC 959. UK: U. K. Parliament National Audit Office; 2020 18/11/2020. (16) NHS Long Term Plan. NHS England; 2019 August 2019.

 

 


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/charlotte-moran/feed/ 0 Fatmata Wanda Kamara https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/fatmata-wanda-kamara/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=fatmata-wanda-kamara https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/fatmata-wanda-kamara/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:01 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/dqd6tg66/
Fatmata Wanda Kamara

Fatmata Wanda Kamara

Lancaster Medical School (Bailrigg) | Year 2 | Degree: Medicine and Surgery
The Efficacy of Rituximab in Sjögren’s Syndrome

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Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterised by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocine glands – notably, the lacrimal and salivary glands. The inflammatory dysfunction of these glands results in the hallmark sicca symptoms of dry eyes  (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia).


































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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/fatmata-wanda-kamara/feed/ 0 Feyisola Babarinde https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/feyisola-babarinde/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=feyisola-babarinde https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/feyisola-babarinde/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:01 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/kn2mg496/  

Feyisola Babarinde

Feyisola Babarinde

Lancaster Medical School (Bailrigg) | Year 3 | Degree: Medicine
What impact has the COVID-19 pandemic had on the psychosocial wellbeing of children and young people?

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Image of a child during the COVID-19 pandemic. Credits  UNICEF/UNI/339380Singh


Introduction

COVID-19 pandemic has affected adults, children, and young people (CYP) differently. This presentation is about the pandemic’s impact on the psychosocial wellbeing of CYP (defined here as up to the age of 18 years).

 

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Methods

Literature searches were conducted using well-established databases and the grey literature. Ten articles were included (due to the novelty of the topic, most  were from 2019 onwards).

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Results

Results showed that the pandemic had both negative and positive impacts on the psychosocial wellbeing of CYP.

All the ten articles reported negative symptoms including anxiety and depression, fear, worry, stress and boredom.

Positive impacts included resilience and phenomena such as increased pro-social behaviours related to internet use. 

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Negative Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial wellbeing of CYP

  • Loss of social activities (such as end of the year prom and birthday parties).
  • Loss of social interactions at school e.g. during play time and sports activities.
  • Missed school meals leading to undernutrition.
  • Increased frustrations from older siblings to younger siblings due to boredom and confined space to play.
  • Young people conveyed their frustrations to the society for blaming them for transmitting SARS-COV-2 to vulnerable people by not obeying COVID-19 restriction rules, thus negatively impacting on their mental health wellbeing. 

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Positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychosocial wellbeing of CYP.

  • Social bonding with families via phones and internet
  • Online schooling increased social interactions among peers making them more happy
  • Online sporting activities increased level of resilience and morale 
  • Lockdown was seen as a break from bad experiences at school and relaxation from exam stress
  • The flexibility that home schooling provided e.g. walking a dog after a lesson.

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Conclusion:

Most of the articles published assessed mental health problems (such as anxiety and depression), rather than psychosocial wellbeing. Studies were also often in high-resource settings, so findings could not be generalised because many CYP in low-income countries and lower socio-economic households may not have access to internet and electronic devices. There was also more in the literature about older children compared to younger ones.

Implication for future research: More work is needed to study the impact of the pandemic on the psychosocial wellbeing of CYP, especially younger children, to enable their voices to be heard and to inform strategic planning and policy making to tackle COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.

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References: (1) Constantini K, Markus I, Epel N, Jakobovich R, Gepner Y, Lev-Ari S. Continued Participation of Israeli Adolescents in Online Sports Programs during the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Associated with Higher Resilience. International journal of environmental research and public health.  (2) Pizarro-Ruiz JP, Ordóñez-Camblor N. Effects of Covid-19 confinement on the mental health of children and adolescents in Spain. Scientific reports.  (3) Meherali S, Punjani N, Louie-Poon S, Abdul Rahim K, Das JK, Salam RA, et al. Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health.  (4) Zhou S-J, Zhang L-G, Wang L-L, Guo Z-C, Wang J-Q, Chen J-C, et al. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European child & adolescent psychiatry.  (5) McKune SL, Acosta D, Diaz N, Brittain K, Beaulieu DJ-, Maurelli AT, et al. Psychosocial health of school-aged children during the initial COVID-19 saferat-home school mandates in Florida: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health.  (6) Romero E, López-Romero L, Domínguez-Álvarez B, Villar P, Gómez-Fraguela JA. Testing the Effects of COVID-19 Confinement in Spanish Children: The Role of Parents’ Distress, Emotional Problems and Specific Parenting. International journal of environmental research and public health.  (7) Buzzi C, Tucci M, Ciprandi R, Brambilla I, Caimmi S, Ciprandi G, et al. The psycho-social effects of COVID-19 on Italian adolescents’ attitudes and behaviors. Italian journal of pediatrics.  (8) Boldt K, Coenen M, Movsisyan A, Voss S, Rehfuess E, Kunzler AM, et al. Interventions to Ameliorate the Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children-A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health.  (9) van de Groep S, Zanolie K, Green KH, Sweijen SW, Crone EA. A daily diary study on adolescents’ mood, empathy, and prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS one.  (10) Scott S, McGowan VJ, Visram S. “I’m Gonna Tell You about How Mrs Rona Has Affected Me”. Exploring Young People’s Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in North East England: A Qualitative Diary-Based Study. International journal of environmental research and public health.

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank my supervisor Prof Rachel Isba for her guidance in the writing up of this short research.  I would also like to thank my children for the inspiration to look into the impact of COVID-19 among children and young people. 


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/feyisola-babarinde/feed/ 0 Victoria Gatty https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/victoria-gatty/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=victoria-gatty https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/victoria-gatty/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:01 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/d849y9js/
Victoria Gatty

Victoria Gatty

Engineering and Science (B&FC) | Year 3 | Degree: Project Management
Does a Global Pandemic, such as Covid-19, Impact the Identification Process of New and Emerging Leaders Within an Engineering Business such as BAE Systems

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Background

COVID-19 has affected organisations around the world, with the various strategies to limit to risk of transmission of infection such as home working and isolation periods, honesty, trust and communication were key factors which determined the success of businesses (Chen and Sriphon, 2021). Without reliable leaders, businesses could easily crumble therefore it is essential to reflect on the issues caused by COVID-19 and how these can be prevented in the future.


Methodology

  • Understand the current status of the COVID-19 pandemic within the business, policies and procedures in place along with any future steps
  • Initially conduct 5 interviews with a range of senior and junior level employees
  • Conduct a further 5 interviews based on my findings from the first batch and any further detail required to aid my research
  • Data collection and data analysis will be conducted simultaneously
  • Latent coding carried out once the interviews have been transcribed
  • Semantic coding carried out to identify any codes not identified by the latent coding


Aims and Objectives

  • Identify the factors impacting the identification of new and emerging leaders
  • Identify the barriers faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons learnt for future pandemics


Findings

  • 10 interviews carried out
  • 2 batches of 5 interviews were conducted to ensure any further questions were asked in the second batch
  • Participants were asked 10 open ended questions regarding the barriers faced as a result of COVID-19 and further questions around the leadership styles within BAE Systems


Identification of New Leaders

Pre pandemic employees were on a level playing field where they were able to make their mark and it allowed for easy identification of new leaders due to all employees physically present in the office environment. However since the pandemic began, barriers have been faced as individuals have responded differently to the change in environments. The shift of working from office to home has impacted individuals confidence levels, and has negatively affected participation levels in meetings from a few employees where others may thrive.


COVID Barriers

The interviews conducted highlighted a few issues that were faced when the UK first went into Lockdown March 2020;

  • Communication – over faced at the start
  • Lack of organisation – watercooler chats became 30 minute meetings causing diaries to become backed up – data collected by Kirchner, Ipsen and Hansen (2021) shows an increase of 12.9% per person
  • Initial flexibility – fear of being inactive on the laptop when taking breaks as in the office you could be offline all day dealing with on site tasks without the guilt


Adaptability

Not only as a business but also as a company we needed to be adaptable and flexible in the ways we worked. As a result of uncertainty around the pandemic, results of the interviews conducted found morale was low to begin with and individuals struggled with adapting to the situation. This is supported by Talu and Nazarov (2020).As leaders influence others through their own ‘character and competence’ it was essential for them to stay professional and lead their team through this pandemic by building strong relationships and having a high level of trust as this is a situation of the blind leading the blind (Talu and Nazarov, 2020).


Future Ways of Working

A key aspect which has been looked into and BAE Systems are currently in the process of finalising are the ‘Future Ways of Working”. This refers to three categories; home based, office based and hybrid workers. The assumption here is to be able to utilise our workforce and gain high efficiency and productivity levels, if the business works around the individuals personal choices and work life balance, we will be able to continue operations whilst adapting to the new ways of living that the pandemic has brought about.


Conclusion

This research has highlighted the barriers faced by both the business and its employees and shown not only the physical impacts of a global pandemic but also the mental/emotional impact it can have on individuals. Adaptability has been key during this pandemic, adapting to new ways of working, communicating and bonding with team members. Highlighting such barriers and effects of this pandemic can allow for not only BAE Systems but other businesses around the world to focus on developing plans for future pandemics to ensure little to no disruption to business as usual in the future.


References

  • Chen, J.K. and Sriphon, T. (2021) ‘Perspective on COVID-19 pandemic factors impacting organizational leadership’, Sustainability, 13(6), p.3230.
  • Kirchner, K., Ipsen, C. and Hansen, J.P. (2021) ‘COVID-19 leadership challenges in knowledge work’, Knowledge Management Research & Practice, pp.1-8.
  • Talu, S. and Nazarov, A.D. (2020) ‘Challenges and competencies of leadership in Covid-19 Pandemic’, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 486, pp.518-524.


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/victoria-gatty/feed/ 0 Bogna Liziniewicz https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/bogna-liziniewicz/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=bogna-liziniewicz Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:01 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/qsrpdu3m/
Bogna Liziniewicz

Bogna Liziniewicz

Psychology (Bailrigg) | Year 4 | Degree: BA (Hons) Spanish Studies and Psychology
The open science of Psychology

<
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Are you interested in learning about the importance of Open Science in Psychology?


If so, start with the introductory video below – and explore the contents of this website to feed your curiosity!



Please click on this link to view the video transcript.


The science behind Open Science

and it’s importance to Psychology

Open Science stands for research transparency. This means that it aims to make the most of the research process available to people. For example, when a research paper is published, the authors link a database to it. A database is a storage space, where anonymised datasets and supplementary information can be uploaded for independent researchers to access. This way, one scientist’s data can be reused by their independent colleagues to replicate a study or to analyse the same data to answer a new research question. 

 


The idea vs. the harsh reality

Open Science is an amazing phenomenon. It protects scientific integrity and helps fight the replication crisis – the low rate of different researchers’ ability to redo someone else’s study and obtain similar results. This way, thanks to Open Science, it is possible to verify research and ensure its credibility – if many people can access the same data and reanalyse it, obtaining similar results, it is less likely that the data was made up and that the analyses were manipulated.  

However, past research has found that, across many scientific disciplines, the practices of Open Science are far from ideal. 


What do we know?

Across many fields of research, Open Science calls for improvement.

The available scientific data

Across different areas of research, the findings are consistent: in many cases, it is not possible for independent scientists to reuse the available data:

  • Roche et al. (2015) – More than half of the publicly available datasets in Ecology and Evolution are incomplete, which prevents them from being reused by other scientists.

  • Hardwicke et al. (2018) – mandatory data sharing policies of scientific journals (Psychology) result in more datasets being made available publicly.

  • Hardwicke et al. (2021) – research data are available publicly in only less than 15% of the total 250 Psychology papers published between 2014 and 2017.

  • Towse et al. (2021) – Only 4% of the total 1900 papers published in Psychology journals between 2014-2017 are available publicly. Over two thirds of these datasets are non-reusable and over a half are incomplete. 

  • Datasets available upon request are often difficult to obtain – research on Medicine (Savage & Vickers, 2009) and Psychology (Wicherts et al., 2006).
  • Vines et al. (2014) – time impacts research data availability – the older the dataset, the less likely it is to obtain it.

Attitudes towards Open Science:

  • Tenopir et al. (2015) – scientists want to share their research data, although they also list reasons why they sometimes decide not to.

  • Houtkoop et al. (2018) – the most commonly listed reasons not to share one’s own research data include: lack of time; legal inability; fear of data misuse; preference to share the dataset upon request; lack of specific training.

  • Wicherts et al. (2011) – fears concern the possibility of someone else’s alternative analysis on one’s data resulting in non-significant results. 

  • Martone et al. (2018) – fear of being taken advantage of – another researcher accessing one’s own data and using them for a different project, then publishing the results before they original authors can.

 

 


The present study


Aims of the project:

The present study has two aims:

1. Investigating and comparing the quality and reusability of publicly available and requested research data. 

This enables to expand the existing research on open data to the investigation of research data available upon request. This way, it is possible to compare their state with the publicly available data. 

2. Following up on researchers’ attitudes towards data sharing.

This is done to investigate the changes in said attitudes over time. This way, it is possible to identify any new approaches to the topic, which can point towards answers to why the percentage of available data is so low, despite the positive attitides. 

“This study has been reviewed and approved by a member of the Psychology department or the Faculty of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee at Lancaster University.”


Pre-registration

Research transparency is a crucial component of Open Science. Because of this, the first step in turning the idea of this study into action was the process of pre-registering it on the Open Science Framework platform. This way, the aims of this piece of research were made clear before any data was collected. In addition, it is now possible to access any materials used in this study through the platform, following this link.


The process:

Part 1 – Investigating and comparing the quality and reusability of publicly available and requested research data.


IDENTIFYING THE JOURNALS AND TIMEFRAME OF INTEREST

British Journal of Psychology & Psychological Science

2016-2020 (Early: Jan 2016 – Jun 2018; Late: Jul 2018 – Dec 2020)


RANDOMLY SAMPLING THE PAPERS

Target: 100 papers (50 per journal). Using random.org to avoid bias.



SEARCHING FOR DATASETS

A manual process for each paper. If no dataset – contacting the author via email (Requested datasets category).



IF UNAVAILABLE



CONTACT AUTHORS TO REQUEST DATA


OBTAINING DATA


ASSESSING THE DATA USING SCALES FOR COMPLETENESS AND REUSABILITY CREATED BY ROCHE ET AL. (2015). 

The same scales were used for the previous investigation of open data in Psychology by Towse et al. (2021). 


Flowchart 1. The stages of obtaining data for Part 1 of the project.


5-point scales used to assess Completeness and Reusability (Roche et al., 2015).
5-point scales used to assess Completeness and Reusability (Roche et al., 2015).

5-point scales used to assess Completeness and Reusability (Roche et al., 2015).


Part 2 – Investigating the attitudes towards data sharing.

1. The process started with creating a survey based on a questionnaire on data sharing attitudes from Houtkoop et al.’s (2018) study.

2. Once the questionnaire was created, a survey invitation list was created. The target participants were the authors whose papers were used in Part 1 of the present study. Their participation was anonymous and voluntary. The target number of participants was N=100.

3. Step 3 consisted of sending out the initial survey invitation via email and a single reminder to complete the study in 2 weeks after the first email.


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PUBLICLY AVAILABLE


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THE QUESTIONNAIRE



BENEFITS OF DATA SHARING



BARRIERS TO DATA SHARING 



FEARS OF DATA SHARING


Flowchart 2. The questionnaire consisted of 3 subscales, each focused on a different aspect of attitudes towards data sharing. In addition, there was one open-ended question which served to grasp any other observations that had not been mentioned in the close-ended questions. 


Analyses and findings:

Part 1

The final total number of papers investigated was N=60.

A 2×2 Two Between-Subject Factor ANOVA was used to analyse the data. 

The results suggest a significant relationship between Data Completeness and Data Category.

Similarly, there is a significant relationship between Data Reusability and Data Category.

 

For each component, publicly available data was in a better state than the data obtained via request.

 

And, for each component, Time Window was not significant.


Figure 1. Means for Data Completeness (M=4.28 for Publicly available data and M=3.08 for Requested data) and Data Reusability (M=3.94 for Publicly available data and M=2.57 for Requested data).
Figure 1. Means for Data Completeness (M=4.28 for Publicly available data and M=3.08 for Requested data) and Data Reusability (M=3.94 for Publicly available data and M=2.57 for Requested data).

Figure 1. Means for Data Completeness and Data Reusability. For both components, publicly available data scored higher than requested data. Note: Data Source and Data Category can be used synonymously. 


Table 1. A display of ANOVA statistics for Data Completeness Score. Data Category significant on Data Completeness [F(1, 56) = 22.92, p<0.05]. Time Window not significant [F(1, 56) = .460, p = .500]. No interaction between Time Window and Data Category [F (1,56) = .004, p = .947].
Table 1. A display of ANOVA statistics for Data Completeness Score. Data Category significant on Data Completeness [F(1, 56) = 22.92, p<0.05]. Time Window not significant [F(1, 56) = .460, p = .500]. No interaction between Time Window and Data Category [F (1,56) = .004, p = .947].

Table 1. A display of ANOVA statistics for Data Completeness.


A display of ANOVA statistics for Reusability Score. Data Category significant on Reusability Score [F(1,56) = 23.706, p<0.05]. Time Window not significant [F(1, 56) = 1.480, p = .229]. No significant interaction between Time Window and Data Category [F(1,56) = .597, p = .443].
A display of ANOVA statistics for Reusability Score. Data Category significant on Reusability Score [F(1,56) = 23.706, p<0.05]. Time Window not significant [F(1, 56) = 1.480, p = .229]. No significant interaction between Time Window and Data Category [F(1,56) = .597, p = .443].

Table 2. A display of ANOVA statistics for Data Reusability. 


Part 2

The final total number of participants after the exclusion of incomplete responses was N=17 (Response rate: 20%).

The survey responses from the close-ended questions were analysed using a Factor Analysis. 

Thematic Analysis was used to analyse the responses to the open-ended question in the survey.

Although the factor analysis was not significant, the responses are suggestive, as they align with past findings. The qualitative responses also revealed similar trends. However, the low survey response rate and small sample size call for repeating this part of the study with a larger number of participants.


Figure 2. The answers to the question on what is the greatest benefit of data sharing. The ability to reproduce or verify research (59%); Enable other researchers to ask new questions of extant data (29%), Make results of publicly funded research available to the public (6%); Advance the state of research and innovation (6%)
Figure 2. The answers to the question on what is the greatest benefit of data sharing. The ability to reproduce or verify research (59%); Enable other researchers to ask new questions of extant data (29%), Make results of publicly funded research available to the public (6%); Advance the state of research and innovation (6%)

Figure 2. Benefits: What is the greatest benefit of data sharing? Responses.


Figure 3. Responses to the question on data misinterpretation as a fear of data sharing. Somewhat agree, Agree and Strongly agree (41%); Disagree, somewhat disagree and strongly disagree (35%); Neutral (24%)
Figure 3. Responses to the question on data misinterpretation as a fear of data sharing. Somewhat agree, Agree and Strongly agree (41%); Disagree, somewhat disagree and strongly disagree (35%); Neutral (24%)

Figure 3. Fears: Data misinterpretation as a fear of data sharing. Responses.


Figure 4. Responses to the question on lack of time as a barrier to data sharing. Somewhat agree, agree and strongly agree (59%); Disagree, somewhat disagree and strongly disagree (35%); Neutral (6%).
Figure 4. Responses to the question on lack of time as a barrier to data sharing. Somewhat agree, agree and strongly agree (59%); Disagree, somewhat disagree and strongly disagree (35%); Neutral (6%).

Figure 4. Barriers: Lack of time as a barrier to data sharing. Responses.


Qualitative analysis:

Among the themes found through qualitative analysis, there were:

  • Fear of data sharing despite the willingness resulting from the possibility of facing criticism from other researchers finding errors in the dataset or taking a different approach to a specific set of data, which can produce different results and thus invalidate the original findings. 

  • Concerns about lack of standards for data sharing.

  • Finding errors in someone else’s data seen as a benefit, because it serves to pick up what the other researcher could have possibly missed.


The next steps:

The results suggest the need to research datasets available upon request in greater detail. This way, it will be possible to pick up on the reasons behind their quality being poorer in comparison to publicly available datasets. 

It might be due to the lack of standards for open data – that is to say, perhaps the existing policies implemented by various scientific journals still call for improvement. Of course, it does not mean that the policies did not change the situation – as we know from past research, mandates on data sharing contributed to greater availability of research data.

It is also worth pointing out that perhaps the policies should concern the aspects of perceptions of possible fears and barriers towards data sharing. Of course, this study’s quantitative analyses of the survey responses were not significant, however they do fit in with the trends listed in past research. If we consider the previous, significant themes in the perceptions of open science, it will be possible to amend the policies or include new rules to protect scientists from their data being misused.

Open Science is an amazing phenomenon which helps to improve all fields of research. Hopefully the state of open data continues to improve so that everyone can benefit from it.


Acknowledgements:

I would like to thank my research supervisor, Professor John Towse, for being invaluable support throughout the course of this research project. 


References:

Haahr, M. (2022, February 28). RANDOM.ORG: True Random Number Service. Retrieved from https://www.random.org

Hardwicke, T. E., Mathur, M. B., MacDonald, K., Nilsonne, G., Banks, G. C., Kidwell, M. C., Hofelich Mohr, A., Clayton, E., Yoon, E. J., Henry Tessler, M., Lenne, R. L., Altman, S., Long, B., & Frank, M. C. (2018). Data availability, reusability, and analytic reproducibility: Evaluating the impact of a mandatory open data policy at the journal Cognition. Royal Society Open Science, 5(8), 180448. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180448

Hardwicke, T. E., Thibault, R. T., Kosie, J. E., Wallach, J. D., Kidwell, M. C., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2021). Estimating the Prevalence of Transparency and Reproducibility-Related Research Practices in Psychology (2014–2017). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 174569162097980. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620979806

Houtkoop, B. L., Chambers, C., Macleod, M., Bishop, D. V. M., Nichols, T. E., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2018). Data Sharing in Psychology: A Survey on Barriers and Preconditions. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917751886

Martone, M. E., Garcia-Castro, A., & VandenBos, G. R. (2018). Data sharing in psychology. American Psychologist, 73(2), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000242

Roche, D. G., Kruuk, L. E. B., Lanfear, R., & Binning, S. A. (2015). Public Data Archiving in Ecology and Evolution: How Well Are We Doing? PLOS Biology, 13(11), e1002295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002295

Savage, C. J., & Vickers, A. J. (2009). Empirical Study of Data Sharing by Authors Publishing in PLoS Journals. PLoS ONE, 4(9), e7078. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007078

Tenopir, C., Dalton, E. D., Allard, S., Frame, M., Pjesivac, I., Birch, B., Pollock, D., & Dorsett, K. (2015). Changes in Data Sharing and Data Reuse Practices and Perceptions among Scientists Worldwide. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0134826. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134826

Towse, J. N., Ellis, D. A., & Towse, A. S. (2020). Opening Pandora’s Box: Peeking inside Psychology’s data sharing practices, and seven recommendations for change. Behavior Research Methods, 53(4), 1455–1468. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01486-1

Vines, T. H., Albert, A. Y. K., Andrew, R. L., Débarre, F., Bock, D. G., Franklin, M. T., Gilbert, K. J., Moore, J.-S., Renaut, S., & Rennison, D. J. (2014). The Availability of Research Data Declines Rapidly with Article Age. Current Biology, 24(1), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.014

Wicherts, J. M., Bakker, M., & Molenaar, D. (2011). Willingness to Share Research Data Is Related to the Strength of the Evidence and the Quality of Reporting of Statistical Results. PLoS ONE, 6(11), e26828. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026828

Wicherts, J. M., Borsboom, D., Kats, J., & Molenaar, D. (2006). The poor availability of psychological research data for reanalysis. American Psychologist, 61(7), 726–728. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.726


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]]> Matthew Milburn https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/matthew-milburn/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=matthew-milburn https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/matthew-milburn/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:01 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/w9s6gktv/
Matthew Milburn

Matthew Milburn

Engineering, Construction, Computing, Sport (Blackburn) | Year 3 | Degree: BEng Mechatronics Engineering
Development of a Consumer Grade Telescopic Wind Turbine

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Types of Wind Turbines

The field of wind energy is vast and new designs of wind turbines are produced every year. There is, however, two main groupings of wind turbines: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs), and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) (Figure 1). HAWTs are the most well known and typically larger of the two. They have a rotor that operates perpendicular to the tower and turns to face the wind. Whereas VAWTs are less common and have a rotor on the same vertical axis as the tower. This project focusses on inventing a new form of VAWT that is consumer friendly and offers a more accessible solution to creating clean renewable energy.


(http://www.windturbineworks.com, 2018)
(http://www.windturbineworks.com, 2018)

Figure 1: Horizontal and Vetical Axis Wind Turbines (Thrailkill, 2018)


Design Considerations

The design has been focussed around the H-Type Darrieus VAWT. This decision was made due to the linear blades making the design simpler and more cost efficient to manufacture. Taking the H-Darrieus (Figure 2) type VAWT as a base for redesign, a telescopic tower has been implemented so that the turbine can be extended and retracted. To suit this retractable blades have been designed that are fixed at full extension and under constant low tension to avoid entanglement when deploying or retracting the tower. 


Figure 2: Various VAWT Example Designs (Castellani et al., 2019)


The Development Process

As part of the development process, new ideas and potential designs were speculated. As a result of this, a number of significant design limitations became apparent. The main one is that the traditional H-type turbines use a blade shape that generates both lift and drag (Figure 3). This design is generally much more energy efficient and supports higher rotational velocities. However, due to the complex shape of the blades, it would be very difficult to make them retractable in a cost effective way. Therefore  the blades were made of a constant thickness and turned through 90o so that they would rely on drag alone to generate the rotation.


Figure 3: H-type Darrieus Blade Cross Section (Mohamed et al., 2020)


The Prototype

As part of the research conducted in this project, a prototype was designed and assembled to assess functionality. The prototype is much smaller than what it could due to the availability of parts, therefore the function of the protoype is exponentially less than what it would be on  alarger scale. All design work was completed on Autodesk Fusion360 (Figure 4). The parts for the prototype were then 3D printed out of PLA using an FDM printer (Figure 5). Other components were bought and modified to extract the useful parts. These include:

  • 1 x Car power antenna
  • 4 x 2m Belt stanchions
  • 2 x Bearings to suit shafts
  • 1 x 12v DC motor
  • 1 x Pulley belt to suit motor

 


Figure 4: CAD Assembly of Turbine (Milburn, 2022)


Future Opportunities

As the project is still underway, no results have yet been generated. However, if the project proves to be a viable means of generating clean energy, it could be deployed in a number of different ways. One way would be to integrate the turbine into urban environments such as roof tops or tiles. A small amount of product development could lead to a system capable of remote deployment or retraction giving the consumer complete control over turbione functionality as well as reducing the safety risks and costs of mainenance. This type of turbine can also be installed as part of an array of similiar turbines to achieve a large amount of power generation within a relatively small space


Figure 5: 3D Printed Blade Holder (Milburn, 2022)


References

Figure 1: Thrailkill, M., 2018. Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines. [image] Available at: <http://www.windturbineworks.com> [Accessed 21 February 2022].

Figure 2: Castellani, F., Astolfi, D., Peppoloni, M., Natili, F., Buttà, D. and Hirschl, A., 2019. Experimental vibration analysis of a small scale vertical wind energy system for residential use. Machines, 7(2), p.35. Various VAWT Example Designs. [image]

Figure 3: Mohamed, O., Ibrahim, A., Etman, A., Abdelfatah, A. and Elbaz, A., 2020. Numerical investigation of Darrieus wind turbine with slotted airfoil blades. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 5, p.100026. H-type Darrieus Blade Cross Section. [image]

Figure 4: Milburn, M., 2022. CAD Assembly of Turbine [image]

Figure 5: Milburn, M., 2022. 3D Printed Blade Holder [image]


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/matthew-milburn/feed/ 0 Visvantini Kumaran https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/visvantini-kumaran/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=visvantini-kumaran https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/visvantini-kumaran/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:33:58 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/t27n9rne/
Visvantini Kumaran

Visvantini Kumaran

Psychology (Sunway) | Year 3 | Degree: BSc(Hons) Psychology
FACTORS OF LONELINESS: DOES SOCIAL APPEARANCE ANXIETY, SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION AND HIGH EXPECTATIONS IN RELATIONSHIPS AFFECT SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LONELINESS

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social loneliness
social loneliness


Content

 


1. Introduction


2. Research Aim


3. Methods 


4. Results


5. Discussion & Conclusion


INTRODUCTION


Loneliness: A subjective feeling of emptiness that can be caused due to distance and lack of meaningful bonds. However, an individual can experience loneliness despite being surrounded by other people. 






Loneliness does not only bring harm to mental health but also physical health. Some negative effects of loneliness includes depression, suicidial ideation, heart related issues and neuroendocrine changes. Although many classifications of loneliness exist, the present study uses 2 subsections :                                     

                                   Social Loneliness & Emotional Loneliness


when an individual lacks quality social network such as friendships or good colleague relationships


when an individual lack intimate relationships, particularly romantic relationships. It also usually occurs when sexual relations and satisfaction in a relationship is lacking


The present study investigates on possible factors that could contribute to loneliness, which includes 

1. Social Appearance Anxiety
2. Social Media Addiction
3. Relationship Perfectionism

1. Social Appearance Anxiety is the concept of negative evaluations towards physical appearance and fear of negative judgments by others. Past studies shows that social appearance anxiety begins when individuals have a mindset of self-blaming & excessive self judgment. For some, appearance is a measure of self esteem while for others, feeling unattractive decreases self-esteem. Young adults who give a low self evaluation of physical attractiveness avoid going out in public as they feel awkward when meeting others and expressing themselves. They do this to avoid self perceived evaluation of judgments of others. This process may underlie the increased likelihood of individuals with social appearance anxiety to remain isolated with pre-judgments of how society evaluates their appearance. Thus, social appearance anxiety may prohibit formation of positive interpersonal relationships among friends and family, propagating loneliness.

2. Research shows loneliness is an ongoing problem in some societies where social media usage is extremely high. The predominant motivating factors for usage of Facebook and Instagram are the need for self-representation and the need to belong. Social media users mainly focus on networking (making friends and staying in touch) and sharing media content. Sharing photos and selfies with friends are the most popular features on these platforms. The likes and comments provide the immediacy and intimacy required for simulated social presence, predisposing online communication to induce isolation of individuals offline and decrease social well-being. the instant gratification and mood boosting that these likes and comments give, are initially seen as a pleasurable experience for users to present themselves positively. As users constantly seek these short mood boosting bursts, they are incentivised to check their profiles more often and maintain a sufficient amount of engagement with their followers to maintain an attractive profile. If chronic, this behaviour can become addictive and thus require users to continuously seek validation and belonging from virtual friendships/relationships online A meta-analysis study conducted by Song et al. (2014) found that a potential cause for loneliness among active social media users were shyness and lack of social support. This is compounded by lonely individuals being prone to continuously seek social support and validation from virtual connections created online, compared to face-to-face communication

3. For a relationship to last for a long time, mutual understanding, love, and respect are essential. However, some tend to set excessively high or unrealistic expectations, which is better known as perfectionism, leading to an unhealthy relationship that causes friction between partners. Perfectionism is defined as the tendency to set inconsiderately high standards together with highly critical self-evaluations. Perfectionism results from problematic interpersonal outcomes, such as overdependence on partners/friends, neediness, and hostile behaviours. Relationship perfectionism can be classified into two forms: self-directed relationship perfectionism and other-directed relationship perfectionism. Self-directed relationship perfectionism refers to how one is involved in intrinsic, personal, and perfectionistic standards. In other words, these individuals set a high, rigid standard for themselves to achieve. Other-direct relationship perfectionism involves unrealistic and excessive expectations placed on other people by setting up rules for others to live up to one’s expectations. Although a weak link has been demonstrated between self-directed perfectionism, psychopathology and suicidality, it does contribute to social disconnection, which leads to loneliness. factors underlying other-directed relationship perfectionism induce more adverse effects on one’s physical and mental health, since individuals in this form are prone to be hostile and dominant.


RESEARCH AIM


The present study examines possible factors that have been associated with social and emotional loneliness among young adults in Malaysia: social appearance anxiety, social media addiction and relationship perfectionism. The present study aims to measure 3 variables as potential factors for social and emotional loneliness which are social appearance anxiety, social media addiction and relationship perfectionism. 

Although there are researchers that studied what can cause loneliness, there are still a lack of studies that directly incorporates social appearance anxiety, social media addiction and relationship perfectionism and how they play a role in loneliness.  The present study examines possible factors that have been associated with social and emotional loneliness among young adults in Malaysia: social appearance anxiety, social media addiction and relationship perfectionism.


METHODS



RESULTS



DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION







As the present study was conducted in 2020 during the lockdown, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, virtual communication became an alternative for many to keep in touch with friends and family. Working adults and students also relied heavily on it. Unlike face-to-face interactions, virtual communication tools provide mirroring of individual’s faces on screen, allowing them to inspect their appearances constantly. This constant evaluation can increase the risk for appearance insecurity. Many individuals found themselves having body image concerns and facial dissatisfaction, due to constantly comparing their looks with others. This situation is in line with the Objectification Theory, defined as the unconscious adaptation of a third-person perspective on one’s own body. Frequent self-doubt and appearance dissatisfaction prevent socializing with friends and family since they strive for social conformity, frequently leaving them feeling lonely. In addition, excessive self-focus has been demonstrated to increase social anxiety due to fear of judgment and negative impressions, which leads to avoiding social contact with others. 

In contrast, this study showed that social media use did not impact social and emotional loneliness, despite having a high surge in virtual communications and internet usage during the lockdown period. This disparity could be attributed to the link between social appearance anxiety and social media usage. First, social media users, who feel high pressure about their appearance, will naturally avoid using social media as they feel uncomfortable in online situations. During the pandemic, many have turned to virtual chatting and online meetings to stay connected. During the Covid-19 pandemic, appearance dissatisfaction increased due to frequent video calling, which suggests that social appearance anxiety and social media usage act concomitantly. In addition, individuals who experience social anxiety have an increased likelihood of low self-esteem. This can impact the poor usage of social media, as they tend to avoid negative feelings and judgments from others online. Secondly, during the lockdown period, it is plausible that many users went through social media fatigue. Technology, information and communication overload regarding the pandemic occurred through increased users’ participation and interactions on various platforms. According to WHO, about 60% of young adults were feeling anxious with the daily news on Covid-19. This includes information on the Covid-19 outbreak, death tolls, and economic issues associated with the lockdown. This information has been suggested to have induced fear as an adaptive response to danger, which caused many to feel overwhelmed when using social media.

This present study tested two subsections of relationship perfectionism and showed that only the other-direct relationship perfectionism lead to social loneliness, while self-directed relationship perfectionism was not a factor for social and emotional loneliness. Individuals who set high standards for themselves (self-direct relationship perfectionism) are usually motivated to achieve goals that they set for themselves. Individuals with a high level of self-direct relationship perfectionism are conscientious, ambitious, and very self-efficacious. These individuals raise the bar high for themselves to achieve their goals, and research shows that this habit induces a positive effect in facilitating them to achieve their goals. It was also demonstrated that individuals who set unrealistic expectations on themselves have a good internal locus of self-control, which is rare. This suggests that individuals with self-direct relationship perfectionism do not avoid social and emotional connections, as they set high standards for themselves to achieve. However, this mindset can be very unhealthy for many, as unrealistic expectations could lead to severe mental and physical health effects, such as depression and suicidal ideation. This study also demonstrated that other-directed relationship perfectionism was a factor for social loneliness, but not emotional loneliness. Previous research also indicated that when a person constantly places pressure on their friends or partners to behave in a way that they expect, friction can occur, which leads to an unhealthy relationship that involves low satisfaction and built-up anger. Individuals who expect too much from people around them believe that others need to be perfect around them. These individuals are also highly critical of others’ actions and behaviours which causes them to draw away relationships and friendships in their life. Placing unrealistic standards towards others may cause people to drive away as they may feel overwhelmed and stressed. This could potentially account for why other-direct relationship perfectionism plays a role in social loneliness, as social loneliness is loneliness experienced from not being part of a group of friends or work colleagues. The unrealistic expectations set on themselves (self-direct relationship perfectionism) may not have affected them. Still, it is not the same scenario when these unrealistic standards are placed on other people (other-direct relationship perfectionism). 

Research found that during the lockdown, family members and partners were obliged to stay close, which was comforting during the crisis. In addition, many people were more forgiving and accepting of their family or partner’s negative behaviours, which lead to relationship satisfaction. Many were able to use positive coping efforts and avoid arguments or conflicts that may erode relationship satisfaction. The results of the present study could also be impacted by the participants’ relationship status. 90 participants (66.75%) were not involved in romantic relationships. Studies have shown that singlehood is often assumed as miserable, low self-esteem and unhappiness. However, in reality, singlehood is viewed as an expression of individualistic attitudes and freedom of choice. Negative associations about people who are not committed in a relationship are inaccurate, as single individuals have shown to be content and happy with their lives. However, research has also shown that many single individuals would like to be in a relationship or married. Therefore, future studies focusing on romantic loneliness and singlehood are warranted, as this study measured both family relationships and romantic relationships.


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/visvantini-kumaran/feed/ 0 Xin Ru Tan https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/xin-ru-tan/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=xin-ru-tan https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/xin-ru-tan/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:33:58 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/ttau3efe/
Xin Ru Tan

Xin Ru Tan

Psychology (Sunway) | Year 3 | Degree: BSc(Hons) Psychology
Essence of Flourishing: Exploring the Predictors of Psychological Flourishing among Malaysian University Students

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Often times we view happiness as a goal – a goal that we need to reach for everything to magically get better. But it isn’t, happiness is an emotion that comes and goes, flows like the waves, and it’s perfectly fine not to feel it all the time. 

I believe that the quest of psychology is not ‘fixing’, it’s finding your own way to live a flourishing life.


This study investigated the relationship between gratitude, prosocial behaviour, materialism, and psychological flourishing among Malaysian university students, in which the factors were discussed based on the broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2004; Fredrickson & Joiner, 2000). 


What is Psychological Flourishing?


Psychological flourishing (PF)  is an optimal state of mental health that encompasses more than just the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2007). It entails a self-perceived condition of social-psychological prosperity in which a person feels themselves to be in a state of vitality, to have social connections, and to be able to find satisfaction in life (Diener et al., 2010; Keyes, 2002).

 


Why are we investigating this?


Extant research indicates that poor mental health of Malaysian university students appears to be evident (Wan Mohd Yunus et al., 2021; Wong et al., 2021; Kotera et al., 2020; Mohamad et al., 2021). Prolonged and high levels of anxiety and stress stems from academic challenges, financial difficulties, and homesickness (Vitasari et a., 2010) increase the risk of physical illness, depression, and suicidal ideation (Keyes et al., 2012; Reisbig et al., 2012). 

 





The broaden-and-build theory explains how positive emotions “broaden” one’s thought-action repertoires and fosters PF (Fredrickson, 2004). Studies suggest that positive emotion promotes resilience, exploration, and proactive participation in social activities (Hayward et al., 2010; Lambert et al., 2009; Otake et al., 2006) that are prevalent among flourishers (Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002; Keyes, 2002).


Definitions of Variables


Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@towfiqu999999?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Towfiqu barbhuiya</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/gratitude?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a> ” draggable=”false”></div> <div class=


Gratitude is defined as an emotion that results from the perception of obtaining a benefit from an external source (Emmons & McCullough, 2003). Prosocial behaviors are voluntary actions that focus on benefiting others (Miles et al., 2021). Materialism is a belief in the importance of possessions in one’s life for happiness (Richins & Dawson, 1992).


What did past research show us?


Previous findings indicated that gratitude,  prosocial behaviour, and materialism may affect one’s PF. To illustrate, broaden-and-build theory supported that gratitude, as a positive emotion (Alkozei et al., 2018), and prosocial behaviour, that evokes positive emotions, broadens one’s thought and build emotional resources to deal with stressful events, which lead to increased PF (Fredrickson, 2004).  In contrast, there are mixed findings on the relationship of materialism and well-being. For instance, Richins (2013) suggested that materialistic individuals experience stronger positive emotions due to the expectations of acquisition of the desired products. On the other hand, Solberg et al. (2004) asserted that materialists tend to experience more anxiousness, and diminished vitality (Kasser & Ahuvia, 2002). 

 

 

 

 


Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@madalyncox?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Madalyn Cox</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/materialism?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a> ” draggable=”false”></div> <div class=


Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@vladshap?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Vlad Shapochnikov</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/malaysia-university?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a> ” draggable=”false”></div> <div class=


Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jemsahagun?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Jem Sahagun</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/helping?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a> ” draggable=”false”></div> <div class=


How did we do it?


A non-experimental cross-sectional study using survey method was used. A self-administered Google survey, and a poster were shared on social media platforms (i.e., Instagram, Whatsapp, and Facebook) to recruit participants. 199 participants with the age ranged from 19 to 26 years old (31.7% male and 68.3% female) completed the survey. 



What did we found?

 


Multiple regression analysis indicated that both gratitude and prosocial behaviour are significant predictors of PF. This implies that participants who were more grateful and who had higher prosocial behaviour were found to experience enhanced PF. In contrary, there is no relationship between materialism and PF. Prosocial behaviour makes the strongest unique contribution to students’ PF.

 


What do the findings tell us?


Gratitude and prosocial behaviours are crucial factors for Malaysian undergraduates to be psychologically flourished, in which prosocial behaviour plays the most important role in predicting PF. Participants who engage in prosocial behaviours may experience higher level of positive emotions even without direct contacts (Curry et al., 2018; Martela & Ryan, 2016) due to gratifications (Miles et al., 2021). Compared to gratitude and materialism, one may feel more contentment and love when behaving prosocially (Nelson et al., 2016), which promotes greater flourishing.

 






Materialism is not related to students’ PF, why?


Besides, materialism has no effect on participants’ PF. Personal value is the central antecedent of materialism (Richins & Dawson, 1992). Malaysia has a collectivist culture (Sumari et al., 2019), thus, they may not view material consumption as a way to achieve success and happiness, but rather as a way to fulfill collective obligations or to attain congruence with their own collectivistic beliefs (Awanis et al., 2017), and subsequently less likely to influence their own happiness and PF.





To conclude, the experience of positive emotions during the practice of gratitude and engagement in prosocial behaviour is important for one to feel more joy and reward, which nurtures a flourishing life. 

 

 

 




Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@villxsmil?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Luis Villasmil</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/studying-stress?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a> ” draggable=”false”></div> <div class=


Acknowledgement

I wish to thank Dr. Wu Shin Ling, my research project supervisor, for her significant involvement in supporting and facilitating this project.




References

  • Alkozei, A., Smith, R., & Killgore, W.D. (2018). Gratitude and Subjective Wellbeing: A Proposal of Two Causal Frameworks. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1519-1542.
  • Awanis, S., Schlegelmilch, B.B. & Cui, C.C. (2017). Asia’s materialists: Reconciling collectivism and materialism. Journal of International Business Studies, 48, 964–991. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0096-6
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377−389. https://doi-org.ezproxy.sunway.edu.my/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431
  • Fredrickson B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1378. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
  • Hayward, M. L., Forster, W. R., Sarasvathy, S. D., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 569 –578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.03.002
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