2022 UG Research Conference https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference Sun, 13 Mar 2022 09:08:45 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.1.1 Phan Xiao Huei https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/phan-xiao-huei/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=phan-xiao-huei https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/phan-xiao-huei/#respond Wed, 02 Mar 2022 10:32:24 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/?p=4830 .student-information, .presentation-title { color: white !important; }
Fiona Wong

Lee Sheir Yin

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The Significance of Recovering From A Romantic Breakup and Finding Self-worth in Young Adults


BDC3725 Major Research Project 






This study concentrates on the relevance of recovering from a romantic breakup since the period of moving on and getting over the relationship is a critical component of whether one will be able to regain balance or enjoyment of life.

The purpose of this study is to assist young people in seeing the big picture and finding meaning in life by analysing their previous relationship.


The sorrow, pain and repressed emotions from a heartbreak may lead to a sense of losing oneself, low self-esteem and will greatly impact one’s mental health if the emotions were not properly taken care of.

The targeted audiences are emerging to adulthood while working on identity development, engaging in a relationship breakup will be the most significant life lessons for them. It is to encourage them to be aware of their self-growth and self-value although they are losing someone they love for the time being. 


To develop further in terms of the targeted audience personal growth, finding their true self, achieving better work performances and emotions stability.

To accept and being mindfulness after the breakup, realising transformation.

To create awareness in decreasing the number of young adults coping with mental illness and suicide rate. 





People who undergo breakup distress need help letting go or moving on. 

People tend to blame themselves thinking that the breakup is their fault. 

People seek attachment from their former romantic partners as there was a strong bond during the relationship. 

Non-initiator of the breakup will have thoughts on vengeance after separation.

People are not ready to move on to another relationship due to post-traumatic stress that will trigger negative emotions. 


1. What are the factors preventing people from recovering after a breakup? 

2. What are the most effective ways to recover from a breakup? 

3. How does one sees themselves after a breakup? 

4. Does recovery helps with finding a meaning and purpose for life satisfaction in terms of future relationships? 

5. How might we design a campaign to create awareness to encourage and motivate people to move on and develop personal growth? 





Cowan (2006), codependency is a factor for attachment after a romantic breakup. 

Dogra (2009), health is not an absence of illness but a good life with a sense of purpose and self-respect. 

Novoa (2017), people integrate aspects of partner’s identity into their own identity. 

Fox (2011), letting something go is like a change in priorities.



This study uses both quantitative (online surveys) and qualitative (interviews) methods.

Survey: 43 responses were recorded after a week.

Interview: 7 responses were recorded after two weeks.  









More than half of the respondents stated that ‘Time’ is a major way to get over the breakup. 

Apparently the same count goes for ‘Distraction’ and ‘Being by myself’. This shows that they make time for themselves to get some distraction from overthinking and eventually they can move on. 

Most of the respondents were motivated to be better compared to when they just broke up. As a result they were also encouraged to let go and move on from the breakup.

When one is focusing on oneself, they give the energy to people out there as energy is contagious. They have the charm and it will project to others and impact them in some way. 

Although majority of the respondents were on the right track healing from the breakup, some of the respondents felt bad or have mixed feelings about it. They feel alone sometimes and a little bit insecure. 



Keeping in touch with former partners delay the healing process

Acceptance of the hurt feelings and giving time to one self are critical in self-healing and self-discovery

Turning negative emotions and low self-esteem into positivity by focusing more on themselves.



Clarice Lispector “It’s inside myself that I must create someone who will understand that”

A breakup is also an experience in life, when you got out of it, you will have enough in your head to sort out by working things out yourself.






BDC3714 Visual Culture and Technology


This project is under the guidance of Dr Fiona Wong E Chiong (BDC3714 Visual Culture and Technology) and Dr Goh Yi Sheng (BDC3725 Major Research Project), Department of Art, Design and Media, School of Arts, Sunway University, August – December 2021.


To create a visual output based on the research topic for the subject ‘Major Research Project’. 



The idea for this final artwork is going to be a short video. It is focusing on the healing and recovery when moving on from a romantic breakup. The audience will have an idea of the process which is symbolised by a flower. 








The flower represents the relationship, the protagonist cares for it with her whole heart but the relationship ended in a bad state, the flower was dead, symbolising the end. The girl was having a hard time recovering. She started to draw a dead flower, part of healing, expressing emotions in her own way. The dead flower was thrown in the trash, meaning the girl treats her former partner dead anyway, it is for her to move on. She started dwelling from the past as she has a new life now.



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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/phan-xiao-huei/feed/ 0 Lee Sheir Yin https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/lee-sheir-yin-2/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=lee-sheir-yin-2 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/lee-sheir-yin-2/#respond Wed, 02 Mar 2022 10:32:02 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/?p=4828  

Fiona Wong




















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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/lee-sheir-yin-2/feed/ 0 Holly Woodman https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/holly-woodman/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=holly-woodman https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/holly-woodman/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/pzzfj94c/
Holly Woodman

Holly Woodman

Blackpool School of Arts (B&FC) | Year 3 | Degree: BA (Hons) Fine Art
The Embodiment of Physical Health Conditions in Contemporary Art

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WARNING: THIS POSTER CONTAINS IMAGES THAT MAY CAUSE DISTRESS.


The research I am conducting explores the ways contemporary artists depict their personal physical health conditions throughout their artistic practice. Artists such as Frida Kahlo, Hannah Wilke, and Tracey Emin will be discussed due to the relevance that these female artists have all battled with chronic illness during their life and have documented their illness throughout their practice. This subject matter is of personal relevance as my practice also documents all attributes of my chronic illness, both physical and mental.


The reason this research has significance today is historically the disabled art movement developed in the 1970’s/80’s following the success of the Disabled Peoples’ Movement. Classically, most artworks depicting the themes of disability were created by artists without disability. By reflecting on their own experiences, disabled artists were able to provide a real and honest perspective on chronic illness.

Although disability art in the 21st century is not as highly political as it once was, there is still need for awareness. As disabled and chronically ill artists and practitioners are being included in the mainstream art industry, this enables a wider and more diverse audience to feel represented in art galleries, it encourages them to view, and experience the artworks. 


Kahlo, 1945.
Kahlo, 1945.


Kahlo, F. (1945) Without Hope [Oil on Canvas]. Museo Dolores Olmedo, Mexico.


 “Pain is inherently lonely because it cannot be shared, and it can cause us to disengage from others and even from ourselves. Art is one way to work through pain, while at the same time connecting with oneself.” (Stahl, 2016, p.2). Frida Kahlo is an artist who famously used her art to communicate her experience of pain caused by her disabilities. Without Hope offers the viewers an insight to the many illnesses Kahlo suffered with throughout her life. She experienced a reduced appetite and a loss of weight due to her illnesses and large quantity of surgeries. This painting documents one of Kahlo’s treatments of being force-fed a blend of fattening foods to tackle her weight issue. It allows the viewer to experience the emotions that coincide with chronic pain and illness, there is a sense of overwhelming upset and pain as you can see the artist crying whilst being restricted by an easel and a large funnel of several meats and animals.


Hannah Wilkes’ Intra-Venus exhibition showcases a startlingly honest documentation of the artists last couple of year of her life. The exhibition contains a range of artworks, including large scale images that allows the viewer to experience the progressive stages that patients endure of chemotherapy. Wilke does not hide anything from her audience as she depicts everything for example, damage on her tongue caused by radiation, hair loss from chemotherapy, and her bruised body from bone marrow harvest.

In Bandages from Bone Marrow Harvest, we can see Wilke standing with bandages taped to her hips where her bone marrow has been harvested as treatment for Lymphoma. ‘The viewer gets a sense of the rapidity of the disease, it’s ability to tear swiftly through the body.’ (Cheney, 1994), which can be seen in Intra-Venus Series No. 1 as Wilkes’ body in the image on the right is presented with strength and shapeliness, this strength is then cruelly stripped away in the image on the right where we see a more swollen and limp Wilke with an exhausted expression on her face making an uneasy and painful transition for the viewer.

As an unfamiliar audience it is more common to recoil from subjects such as mortality and illness however, ‘…photographing herself is a way of getting close to the viewer, telling us the most private of death and disease, details that perhaps some of us would prefer to avoid.’ (Cheney, 1994).



Bandages from Bone Marrow Harvest (right).

Wilke, H. (1992) Intra-Venus Series No. 1, [Chromogenic supergloss print 2 panels]. Ronald Feldman Gallery, New York.



Wilke, H. (1992) Brushstrokes No. 6, [Artist’s hair on paper]. Ronald Feldman Gallery, New York.


Emin, T (2020) We All Bleed, [Photography].


Emin, T (2020) Self-portrait with Urostomy Bag, [Photography].


After receiving her cancer diagnosis, Tracey Emin recorded her treatment and disability through a series of photographs as a way to document her experiences. These photographs, like Wilke, show viewers the various aspects of Emin’s personal battle with cancer. ‘This public ability to speak so universally about her illness… is to help herself and others deal with challenges and stigma.’ (Jones, 2021). ). Emin also discusses elements of disability that are not commonly discussed such as fatigue which can be seen in Exhausting… Self-portrait in bed, this image shows Tracey Emin in her bed with noticeable dark under eyes. Throughout her work Emin has always presented herself in her work in a raw and unfiltered manner, her illness has been no exception ‘Emin is keen to raise awareness, and knows she has a unique opportunity.’ (Durrant, 2021), as she believes that there is a great deal of unspoken understanding for persons with disabilities. 


The methodology of this research is practice-led with myself as the participant model, there is use of primary sources from my medical experiences and my personal medical file. There is also an exploration of secondary research through the study and analyse of the works of Kahlo, Wilke and Emin.

My work has, and continues to, enable me to process and express my trauma, diagnosis, pain, and disability. Art has facilitated a space for me to raise awareness and tell my story. My work creates opportunities for the viewer to ask questions, to relate to a time of isolation or pain in their life, and to speak about illness and disability.  

Viewing Life through Jaundice Eyes shows a living room in yellow tones, this was in response to being confined to this one room during the height of my illness when I was out of hospital. The yellow tones are a representation of the jaundice I experienced whilst in liver failure. Yellow is also a representative for loneliness and isolation, which is another important key theme in this painting as this theme can relate to everyone globally during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Viewing Life through Jaundice Eyes
Viewing Life through Jaundice Eyes

Viewing Life through Jaundice Eyes, 2022.


Life Without a Stomach, 2021.


Shella, 2017, pg. 62.
Shella, 2017, pg. 62.

(Shella, 2013).


During my research I have found that there are areas of alternative medication, such as art therapy, which has shown a positive outcome for those who suffer from chronic illnesses. A case study performed by Tamara A. Shella indicates that out of the 195 participants 129 found that their pain levels had improved. The overall results showed that the participants experienced reduced pain and improved mood during art therapy.

 

 

This research has led to my hypothesis that reduced pain and elevated mood may be helped by art therapy or the creation of art as it may allow for the ability of processing trauma to the body through illness and pain. When Hannah Wilke battled cancer, she ‘…seems to have wanted to sever the intricate, but now surely agonisingly painful, bonds between her gaze, her body… using photography to objectify her body for herself, to make the signs of cancer and its treatments legible: to make sense of death.’ (Wilke, 1995). Art may grant us to break down our ailments, to support us in understand them and allow us to express emotions and experiences that words cannot. 


Acknowledgments:

I would like to express my deepests thanks to the tutors at Blackpool School of Arts for their constant support; Ann Carragher, Nick Kowalski, and Tracey Eastham, to the brilliant and life-saving NHS, without whom I would not be here today and finally to the brave artists mentioned in this research who are such great inspiration.


Reference List:

Archive.ph. (2013) archive.ph. Available at: https://archive.ph/20130120044651/http://www.dacymru.com/dwl/InfoWhat.html (Accessed: 26 February 2022).

Durrant, N. (2021) Tracey Emin on life after cancer and living with a disability. Available at: https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/exhibitions/tracey-emin-exhibition-art-invisible-disability-urostomy-bag-cancer-b933178.html (Accessed: 9 January 2022).

Cheney, E. (1994) ‘Hannah Wilke: Intra-Venus’ Art Papers, 1 July, pp.60-61.

Jacob, J. (2021) Frida Kahlo: Her Chronic Pain Chronicled in Four Paintings. Available at: https://www.thecollector.com/frida-kahlo-her-chronic-pain-chronicled-in-four-paintings/ (Accessed: 05 January 2022).

Jones, J. (2021) Tracey Emin on her cancer self-portraits: ‘This is mine. I own it’. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/may/13/tracey-emin-on-beating-cancer-you-can-curl-up-and-die-or-you-can-get-on-with-it (Accessed: 18 February 2022).

Shella, T. (2018) Art Therapy Improves Mood and Reduces Pain and Anxiety When Offered at Beside During Acute Hospital Treatment, The Arts in Psychotherapy, (57), pp.59-62.

Shillinger, S. (2021) Life is Pain: An Exploration of Suffering in Art – Google Arts & Culture. Available at: https://artsandculture.google.com/usergallery/life-is-pain-an-exploration-of-suffering-in-art/GAKyDk9OtIm9KQ (Accessed: 09 February 2022).

Wilke, H. (1995) Intra-Venus. New York: Ronald Feldman Fine Arts.

Wise, L. (2022) ‘I am here. I’m alive.’ Tracey Emin on health, wealth and finding happiness. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ffd55216-7751-43d3-9ad8-f495 cb0d7c7 (Accessed: 5 January 2022).


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/holly-woodman/feed/ 0 Charlotte Moran https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/charlotte-moran/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=charlotte-moran https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/charlotte-moran/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/e668jtxv/
Charlotte Moran

Charlotte Moran

Lancaster Medical School (Bailrigg) | Year 2 | Degree: MBChB Medicine and Surgery
How differing procurement processes, used during the COVID-19 pandemic, have and will continue to affect the relationship between NHS and Independent Sector Provision Post-COVID?

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How differing procurement processes, used during the COVID-19 pandemic, have and will continue to affect the relationship between NHS and Independent Sector Provision Post-COVID?


I would like to thank Dr Mary Guy for her support and constructive comments throughout this process.


Introduction

Papers, procurement policy and processes were reviewed to consider if the pattern/methodology of procurement, and mobilisation of services had changed from pre-COVID, to during-COVID. The impact on healthcare of these differing policies and processes were considered. Review of procurement processes and resultant contracts and their use has taken place.


Methodology

A critical analysis of policy initiatives, procurement guidance and legal frameworks from 2000 onwards that affect the relationship between NHS and Independent Sector Providers (ISPs). Databases used; OneSearch, PubMed, British Medical Association, Parliamentary Archives, National Audit Office, GOV.UK and The King’s Fund.


Background

During the pandemic, the need for additional capacity to cope with the emergency demand and planned elective care restoration required different policies and processes to drive an urgent response.
A pandemic is considered a national incident and as such is managed under the governance of NHS England’s Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response Framework (EPRRF); giving NHS England emergency powers for national decision-making and take a Command and Control approach for the delivery of a strategic response to manage this incident.(1)



Pre-COVID 19 Procurement

The Health and Social Care Act (HSCA) 2012 states that parties must meet procurement requirements surrounding competitive tendering for the provision of services.(2)  In 2015 the EU Procurement Directives came into force; the UK government prioritised the Public Contracts Directive (PCD 2015)for early application.(3) The shift created a focus on undertaking due process to get the best supplier and best tender in accordance with sound commercial practice. This includes the obligation to tender contracts in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU)(2, 3, 4) and to ensure any contract for NHS services satisfies the ‘threefold objective(5):

1) Securing the needs of people who use the services
2) Improving the quality of the services
3) Improving efficiency in the provision of the services’.

The NHS is duty bound to treat all providers equally and non-discriminatorily and it must act in a transparent way, thus the scope to procure services without competitive tendering is limited, except where only one provider is available(4) or where adopting anti-competitive behaviour:
1) aids delivery of integrated services
2) is in the interest of the patient
3) encourages co-operation between service providers improves the quality of services.(5)


During-COVID 19 Procurement

In March 2020, NHS England signed a contract with independent sector providers whereby they would make all their facilities available to cope with the required NHS capacity increase during the pandemic, with the NHS covering operating costs. The ISP contract was expected to reduce the unmet need by increasing independent sector provision for NHS patients.(6)
Service demands of the pandemic meant the government used a procurement framework to obtain services to the value of £10.6bn awarded without guarantee of activity without competition.(7)

This contract established a guaranteed income stream and avoided potential financial loss caused by the pandemic. The contract superseded all existing contracts between the NHS and ISPs, allowing ‘provision of full hospital capacity and services including acute bed capacity, facilities, diagnostics, staffing, management and full organisation capability’.(7,9)

In 2021 the Centre for Health and the Public Interest thinktank called for the contracts to be disclosed and stated their assumption that purchased capacity was being underused – querying the value for money of ISPs. Disclosed information shows many independent hospital beds went unfilled, leaving large undisclosed amounts being spent without clear outcomes. ISPs treated only 0.08% of the UKs COVID-19 patients however, the contract delivered “1,200 ventilators and around two million consultations, tests, operations and chemotherapy sessions”. Without contract specifications it is impossible to understand whether this is value for money.(8,9)


Post-COVID 19 Procurement

The new Health and Care Bill (HCB), aims to reduce the bureaucracy and costs in the procurement process and remove the barriers that prevent integration.(10) This clearly highlights a movement towards a culture of collaboration not competition. Primarily it intends to procure in the best interests of patients, taxpayers and the population.
The HCB also revokes the NHS Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition Regulations 2013 (No.2). The new regulations “NHS Provider Selection Regime” ensures transparency and fairness in relation to procurement, ensuring that compliance can be verified. (11) The new HCB also removes a financial threshold regarding contracts that go to tender creating a more transparent competitive market.(10)



Discussion

The relationship between the NHS and independent health care is most-beneficial when it is collaborative or even symbiotic rather than competitive.(12, 13)
The Royal College of Surgeons have clearly stated that dealing with the increased waiting list on the NHS due to COVID-19 could take years to address, and ISPs will be crucial in this. The relationships and understanding that the NHS and ISPs have developed through the pandemic will become invaluable over the long term.(14)
NHS procurement during the pandemic has been subject to scrutiny by the National Audit Office (NAO). Despite the contract delivering cohesion, the NAO still see a real need to adhere to procurement processes, stating a need for transparency and consistency within the contracts. The NAO scrutinised the methods of procurement used during the pandemic, this could mean that new methods spawned from this could cause future tension. (15)


Conclusion

Until the impact of the award and implementation of the contracts used during the COVID-19 pandemic are disclosed and fully reviewed, little assurance can be given that this procurement methodology and mobilisation process will lead to a more cohesive symbiotic system relationship which delivers value for money and high-quality care.
As a result of the pandemic the relationship between the NHS and ISPs has created a system of collaboration not rivalry. Collaboration occurred on many different levels including between NHS England and local commissioners which enabled better communication and streamlined procurement processes. (16)
Recovery from COVID-19, requires system planning and delivery with integrated working, cross-organisational actions and collaborative efforts between the NHS and ISPs working within budgets to provide high-quality services. It is hoped this system working will ensure services are affordable within the collective financial budgets.(16)


References

(1) NHS England National Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response Framework. England: NHS England; 2013 21/03/2013. (2) Health and Social Care Act 2012, (27/03/2012, 2012). (3) Public Procurement Policy: Public Contracts Regulations 2015 UK: GOV.UK; 2015 [updated 08/01/2021. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/public-sector-procurement-policy#public-contracts-regulations-2015. (4) Collins B. Procurement and Competition rules: Can the NHS be exempted? Report. England; 2015 18 March 2015. (5) Smith S, Owens D, Heard E. New procurement legislation for English Healthcare Bodies – The National Health Service (Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition) (No.2) Regulations 2013. Public procurement law review. 2013;4:NA109-NA15. (6) Stevens S, Amanda P. Next steps on NHS response to COVID-19: Letter from Sir Simon Stevens and Amanda Pritchard. In: Chief executives of all NHS trusts and foundation trusts, CCG Accountable Officers, Networks GpaPC, services Poch, editors. UK: NHS England; 2020. p. 17.(7) The role of private outsourcing in the COVID-19 response. British Medical Association. 2020:17. (8) Ryan S, Rowland D, McCoy D, Leys C. For Whose Benefit? NHS England’s contract with the private hospital sector in the first year of the pandemic. UK: Centre for Health and the Public Interest; 2021 September 2021. (9) Limb M. Covid-19: Private hospitals “fell well short” in delivering care during the pandemic, says report. BMJ. 2021:n2471. (10) Calder K, Drabu H, Burnett C, Hocking S, Robertson A, Fletcher V. Loosening the ties that bind: new NHS procurement regime proposed. DAC BEACHCROFT. 2021:1. (11) Health and Care Bill. In: Care DoHaS, editor. UK: The House of Lords; 2021. p. 256. (12) The NHS Constitution for England UK: GOV.UK; 2021 [updated 01/01/2021. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-nhs-constitution-for-england/the-nhs-constitution-for-england#patients-and-the-public-your-rights-and-the-nhs-pledges-to-you (13) Guy M. Between ‘going private’ and ‘NHS privatisation’: Patient choice, competition reforms and the relationship between the NHS and private healthcare in England. Legal studies (Society of Legal Scholars). 2019;39(3):479-98. (14) Hare D. The NHS’ relationship with private providers ‘has changed before our eyes’. Health Service Journal. 2020. (15) Investigation into government procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic: HC 959. UK: U. K. Parliament National Audit Office; 2020 18/11/2020. (16) NHS Long Term Plan. NHS England; 2019 August 2019.

 

 


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/charlotte-moran/feed/ 0 Adam Stanney https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/adam-stanney/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=adam-stanney https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/adam-stanney/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/rfrrr7hv/
Adam Stanney

Adam Stanney

History (Bailrigg) | Year 3 | Degree: History
Pre-Viking Connections; Characterising the Maritime Communities of the North Sea World, c.600AD-850AD.

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W E L C O M E   T O   M Y   P R E S E N T A T I O N   W E B P A G E , which will summarise my dissertation research into the early medieval North Sea. This research takes three trading communities – or emporia – as case studies; Ipswich in East Anglia, Dorestad in the Netherlands and Ribe in western Denmark.

The aim of this research is to paint a holistic image of the pre-Viking world, analysing these case studies with respect to key three areas; the economic and social interconnectivity between emporia, the socio-economic trends within them, and how they fit into wider trends of medieval urbanism.

Each section below will discuss a chapter of the dissertation, before bringing them together and indicating opportunities for further research.


A map of major emporia, with the dissertation’s case studies in red



I N T E R C O N N E C T E D   W O R L D

It is the Vikings who are, in the public consciousness, associated most heavily with long-distance trade and communication. However, maritime activity was incredibly advanced in the years before the Viking Age. The diffusion of cultural norms as well as economic activity can be seen below, and an argument for deep cultural and economic connectivity is laid out on this basis in the first chapter. Here we can see a truly interconnected North Sea world.

Some evidence from England

Cultural – English missionaries such as Willibrord travelled to the Continent to places such as Utrecht, near the key case study of Dorestad, spreading religious ideas.

Economic – aside from the plethora of international material found at Ipswich and its satellite sites, coin loss at comparable emporia such as Hamwic (Southampton) indicates heightened trade. Parallel sites are useful in the study of this research area and the early medieval period more broadly, as evidence may be scant in some areas.

Søren Sindbæk’s network model – emporia are conceptualised as nodes within a network. The degree of cultural and economic connection between sites is proportional to the proximity it has to a major node. Thus, hinterland settlements or smaller trading sites will exhibit more markers of international connection if they are in close communication with emporia.


The Dorestad Sword, an example of a high-status trade good


An early-modern engraving of St. Willibrord from the Netherlands



K I N G S   A T   T H E   C O A S T

Running through most major scholarship on the pre-Viking economy of the region is the extent to which royal agents were involved in the inception, proliferation and development of emporia, and by extension the extent to which kings commanded the networks laid out in the previous chapter. Although it is an incredibly nuanced historiographical debate with a spectrum of opinion, its two main camps are exemplified by work of two scholars, Richard Hodges and Christopher Loveluck, whose arguments are discussed below. The second chapter settles on the Loveluckian end of the spectrum, but not without some qualification. Namely, that there is certainly room for royal agency, yet this varies from place to place and was often of an opportunistic nature, taxing and controlling trade after the fact. In essence, kings came to the coast.

Totemic pieces of scholarship

Richard Hodges – primarily presented in Dark Age Economics (1982), Hodges assigns agency to the royal party. Emporia are conceptualised as trading settlements that foremost serve elite goods exchange, with these high-status products fuelling a king’s patronage network. Thus, little agency is left for any but the upper echelons of society.

Christopher Loveluck – representing more modern trends in historiography, Loveluck argues strongly against Hodges’ ideas and highlights the contributions of the merchant class to the formation of emporia and subsequent North Sea network. Trade instead served the needs of communities, which pursued disparate and sporadic trade according to self-interest. Thus, Hodges’ thesis is flipped on its head, with most agency being assigned to individual merchants and maritime communities rather than national elites.

Dagfinn Skre – an example of a halfway house within the debate, Skre acknowledges the contributions of both sides and incorporates them into a holistic characterisation. For instance, royal involvement can certainly be recognised in the form of infrastructure and protection, yet this formalised and transnational framework allowed merchants to pursue a profit incentive as opposed to a form of trade strictly monitored by local social norms. Thus, Skre harmonises elements of this debate and creates space for elite and non-elite agency.

Primary material in relation to royal control

Numismatic evidence – coins finds could indicate a royal framework within which trade is conducted, depending on things such as the design of the coin.

Urban planning – postholes and plots could indicate widescale, unfirm organisation by a king. However, this should not be taken ipso facto as royal agency, as local elites – or even merchants themselves – could have been capable of urban organisation on some scale.

Literary sources – tax edicts could indicate the nature of royal control over a particular emporia or trade route. Furthermore, a chronicler’s mention of merchants could indicate a cultural inclination to associate an ethnic or social group, or geographical area with travel and trade.


An example of royal coinage – a Middle Saxon penny from East Anglia – which may indicate a royal framework for trade


A visualsation of network theory using settlements in Denmark


The above diagram laid onto a geographical map. The extent of connections with Ribe can be seen here, as well as places such as Hedeby



A   S T E P P I N G   S T O N E   T O   T H E   M O D E R N ?

Considering the portrayal of emporia as vibrant, international and wealthy centres, it may be tempting to see them as the early medieval equivalent of our modern cities. While there is an element of truth to this, a closer inspection of just how urban these centres were, as well as the variety of their function, reveals a more nuanced image. These settlements can doubtlessly be fitted into wider trends in pre-modern urbanism, yet they were unique settlements and should not be viewed teleologically – that is, seeing emporia solely as a stepping stone to modern urbanism as opposed to phenomena in their own right.

Some select qualifications utilised to explore urbanism

Permanency? – whether a settlement is inhabited all year round or not is a key marker of urbanism. In the case of Ribe, scholarship was previously settled on this emporium being a seasonal settlement. However, the application of evidence from archaeological digs at places such as Sct Niclojgade 8 has brought this into question. Croix has argued in favour of several markers of permanency at Ribe, such as the levelling and stabilising of land as well as previously unknown permanent buildings. The permanency – and thus urbanism – of emporia can now be affirmed.

One dimensional function? – there is limited evidence that there was a political dimension to emporia. The fact that these were economic mines for kings, as opposed to seats of administration, forces us to reconsider their place in a linear development towards the towns of the later Middle Ages, despite clear aspects of urbanism such as permanency. As Moreland puts it, “we destroy the distinctiveness of economic processes in the eighth century by the imposition of evolutionary and developmental models”.


An artist’s impression of daily activity at early medieval Ribe


A comb found at Ribe – an example of everyday items common at emporium sites



T H E   N O R T H   S E A   W O R L D

Drawing these conclusions together, a general image emerges. Fundamentally, the pre-Viking North Sea was:

– An area with not only a sophisticated regional economy, but also a shared maritime culture.

– Created and developed by all strata of society, not just kings.

– Important to the development of northern European urbanism, but a crucially unique phenomenon.

The maritime peoples of the post-Roman era, serving their own needs, communicated in a variety of ways, with emporia as te vehicles of this, and subsequently developed complex networks that proved formative to the later history of the North Sea world and beyond.

Further avenues for research?

– Utilising more fully emporia that have been used here only in a comparative/secondary manner, such as Eorfowic (York), Quentovic, Hedeby, could either strengthen or alter the conclusion of the dissertation.

– Incorporating Channel, Baltic and Arctic trade, which often overlapped with that of the North Sea, could enrich the understanding of networks and test the models applied in this dissertation.

– Continuing the story into the Viking Age could be useful for more focussed research into the later development of northern European towns.


B I B L I O G R A P H Y :

Croix, Sarah, ‘Permanency in Early Medieval Emporia: Reassessing Ribe’, European Journal of Archaeology, 18.3 (2015), 497-523

Higham, Nicholas J. and Ryan, Martin J., The Anglo-Saxon World (United Kingdom: Yale University Press, 2015)

Hodges, Richard, Dark Age Economics: the Origins of Towns and Trade A.D. 600-1000 (London: Duckworth, 1982)

Loveluck, Christopher, Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD600-1150: A Comparative Archaeology (New York: United States of America: Cambridge University Press, New York, 2013)


Skre, Dagfinn, ‘Towns and markets, kings and central places in south-western Scandinavia c. AD800-950’, in Kaupang in Skiringssal, ed. by Dagfinn Skre (Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 2007)

Skre, Dagfinn, ‘Post-substantivist production and trade. Specialized sites for trade and craft production in Scandinavia c. 600-1000AD’, in Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World, ed.  by James H. Barrett and Sarah Jane Gibbon (United Kingdom: Maney Publishing, 2015)

Sindbæk, Søren M., ‘Networks and nodal points: the emergence of towns in early Viking Age Scandinavia’, Antiquity, 81.311 (March 2007), 119-132

Sindbæk, Søren M., ‘The Small World of the Vikings: Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange’, Norwegian Archaeological Review, 40.1 (2007), 59-74



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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/adam-stanney/feed/ 0 Elaine Sue May Tan https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/elaine-sue-may-tan/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=elaine-sue-may-tan https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/elaine-sue-may-tan/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/svs44xj3/
Elaine Sue May Tan

Elaine Sue May Tan

Psychology (Sunway) | Year 3 | Degree: Bachelor of Science (Hons) Psychology
Forgiveness and Mental Health: Examining the Relationship Between Big Five Personality and Forgiveness

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Does the capacity of forgiveness intertwine with personality?


Is forgiveness a significant variable of the mental health for Malaysian? 



To investigate whether forgiveness affects mental health.


To determine the difference between self- and other-forgivenes.


To find out the relationship between each Big Five Personality trait and forgiveness.



  • 185 adults aged between 19-60 years old
  • 67 men and 118 women
  • General public recruited via social media platforms
  • The majority of participants were Christians, university graduates, full-time employees, and single.


  • The Big Five Personality Trait Short Questionnaire (BFPTSQ)
  • The Forgiveness of Self and Forgiveness of Other(s) subscales of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale
  • The 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)


RESULTS & CONCLUSION


  • Both self- and other-forgiveness have a significant impact on mental health.
  • Self-forgiveness has a stronger association with mental health as compared to other-forgiveness.
  • Agreeableness was positively associated with other-forgiveness but not self-forgiveness; High neuroticism was associated with a lower tendency to forgive oneself and others; High extraversion is associated with a high tendency to forgive oneself and others; Conscientiousness was not associated with forgiveness; High openness is associated with a high tendency to forgive others but not oneself.




  • Theoretical implications in support to the propositions of the stress-and-coping model of forgiveness by Lazarus and Folkman (1984).
  • Clinical implications based on the importance of both personality and forgiveness to mental health, in which practitioners may help clients by incorporating their understanding of clients’ personalities and forgiveness tendencies into the focus of their psychotherapy sessions.
  • Practical implications in the field of education, such as the practice of prevention and intervention strategies in combating psychological stress among undergraduates.

 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Grace Yap for her guidance and advice during the course of this research. I am also thankful to my family and friends for their kind words of encouragement and advice while conducting the research. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents for the opportunity of education.


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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/elaine-sue-may-tan/feed/ 0 Derrick Brew https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/derrick-brew/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=derrick-brew https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/derrick-brew/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/yxt57whj/  

Derrick Brew

Derrick Brew

Computer Science (Ghana) | Year 4 | Degree: Bachelor’s degree
Digitilizing traditional physical wallets (Wallanet)

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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/derrick-brew/feed/ 0 Anna Seggewisse https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/anna-seggewisse/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=anna-seggewisse https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/anna-seggewisse/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/v7wcjmcn/
Anna Seggewisse

Anna Seggewisse

Psychology (Bailrigg) | Year 3 | Degree: B.Sc. (Hons) Psychology
Examining Cortical Hyperexcitability as a Predictor of Illusionary Experiences in Schizotypals












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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/anna-seggewisse/feed/ 0 Christi Perou https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/christi-perou/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=christi-perou https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/christi-perou/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/k8g3tbp9/
Christi Perou

Christi Perou

Law School (Bailrigg) | Year 3 | Degree: Law LLB
Corporate social responsibility and directors’ duties

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What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)?


There is no single accepted definition for CSR. CSR might be defined as voluntary activities that large companies are engaging with in order to minimize their outcome to society. Such activities include philanthropy, minimizing environmental pollution, improving working conditions. CSR is endeavoring to address the externalities of companies to various stakeholders and is seeking a shift from shareholder wealth maximization to a balance of all stakeholders’ interests. Note that even though CSR is promoting the balance of interests of stakeholders and shareholders there is no indication which stakeholder group’s interests are to prevail in cases of conflict of interest. Lastly, some of the most widely accepted characteristics of CSR include long term focus, reputation and voluntary. 


Who are the stakeholders? 

Anyone, not necessarily a human being, who can be affected by the operation of companies can be classified as a stakeholder. Stakeholders include, but are not limited to, employees, customers, shareholders, creditors, the community and the environment.

Stakeholders are important for a company since the latter cannot make a profit without the former. Employees are important since they are producing the goods that a company is selling, or they offer services to the clients. Customers are important too because if they do not buy a company’s product or services then the latter cannot make a profit. CSR is dealing with the relationship of the company to stakeholders and the former is endeavoring to protect stakeholders’ interests. 



What is shareholder wealth maximization?

Shareholder wealth maximization is what most companies are endeavouring to achieve. This principle translates to the increase of profit for the company and shareholders. Note that when a company is increasing its profits then shareholders are increasing their profits too. However, shareholder wealth maximization is increasing profits on the expense of other stakeholders. That is why CSR is endeavouring to shift the focus off shareholder wealth maximization because the former is focusing on the interests of all stakeholders, not only shareholders’.



Csr’s definition depends on the lens: 

It depends on the background and the lens of someone approaching this principle. For instance, usually, companies are using strategic CSR or CSR as a marketing strategy to increase profit. CSR as a marketing strategy is used for window-dressing by companies stating that they are CSR conscious even if they are not. Strategic CSR means companies are engaging in CSR activities to conceal their interests in shareholder wealth maximization and increase this profits in the long term. CSR nowadays is more of a trend for large companies since it is highly related to corporate reputation. However, there is also ethical CSR which is companies engaging in CSR activities voluntary without any financial interest. 

Corporate lawyers tend to connect CSR with corporate governance. Corporate governance regulates how a company is governed, for instance, what are directors’ duties. It is questionable whether engagement in CSR activities is included in directors’ duties. Even though there is no piece of legislation mentioning the principle of CSR or guiding companies to engage in CSR activities it is argued that CSR is mirrored by section 172 (s172) of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006).



What are directors’ duties? 

Directors’ duties are the duties that every director owes to a company and include, inter alia, the duty to promote the success of the company which is defined in s172 of the CA 2006. They owe such duties because in the eyes of law a company is a separate legal person, which means that it can sue and can be sued. Before examining the duty in s172 it is worth looking at the legal position before 2006.



The position before 2006:

Directors’ duties in general, before the enactment of the CA 2006, could be found in the common law. Common law is defined as the legal principles that derive from cases, not statutes. Before 2006 the courts were approaching the duty to promote the success of the company differently, depending on the facts of each case. This was confusing since there was no single approach as to what constitutes the success of the company. Usually, courts were interpreting the success of the company as the interests of its shareholders. However, in some cases, the success of the company was not defined as merely the interests of shareholders and included the interests of employees or creditors. Because of the confusion and the court’s amorphous approach to the duty to promote the success of the company it was decided to codify all directors’ duties in the CA 2006.



The introduction of s172:

The introduction of s172 was deemed to be confusing since the provision is vague. It does not provide adequate guidance to directors on how to discharge their duty, especially in terms of prioritising stakeholders’ interests in a conflict of interests scenario.



S172: 

S172 provides that a directors’ duty is to promote the success of the company for the benefit of shareholders and in doing so, to have regard, inter alia, to the interests of various stakeholders. It is clear that the interests of shareholders are supreme since the director must have regard to the interests of stakeholders in discharging this duty. A director can consider the interests of stakeholders in a decision but he is not obliged to choose the decision that will benefit them. He/She must decide for the interests of shareholders and as long as these interests are promoted then consider the interests of stakeholders too.

S172 provides that the director must consider the interests of a list of stakeholders, which is not exhaustive, but no further guidance is provided as to the priority of each group of stakeholders. For example, it is provided that the interests of employees and customers should be considered but there is no indication which one is paramount. In cases of conflict of interest, s172 does not provide whose interests are to take priority.


Does s172 mirror CSR? Yes?  

S172 provides for the consideration of the interests of stakeholders and as said CSR is promoting the balance of the interests of shareholders and stakeholders. S172 contains some of the characteristics of CSR which include the long term focus, the consideration of the interests of various stakeholders and a company’s desirability to maintain a good reputation. At first blush, it might be argued that s172 mirrors the principle of CSR since it contains some of its basic characteristics.



Does s172 mirror CSR? Yes?  

It might be argued that CSR is vague since, as said, there is no universally accepted definition. Also, because there is no guidance in terms of interest prevalence amongst stakeholders, CSR can be characterized as confusing. The same issue is spotted in relation to s172, since it does not provide guidance on whose interests, among stakeholders, are to be prioritised. It might be argued that s172 mirrors CSR indirectly since it has the same issue with interests prioritization. CSR does not provide whose interests are to prevail and thus, s172 does not either.



Does s172 mirror CSR? No? 

Even though s172 contains some of the characteristics of CSR, it does not mirror the latter. CSR provides for a balance between shareholders’ and stakeholders’ interests. S172 though provides that the interests of shareholders are supreme, which contradicts with the idea of CSR. The key in s172 are the phrases ‘in doing so’ and ‘to have regard’ which imply that the director, in acting for the success of shareholders, in discharging his duty, has to consider the interests of stakeholders. However, there is no additional requirement for the director to promote the interests of stakeholders.



Does s172 mirror CSR? No? 

S172 promotes strategic but not ethical CSR. The motive provided by s172 to companies to be, in a way, more socially responsible is reputation. Ethical CSR provides that companies are being socially responsible because they care about their impacts on society and they do not have any other goals, like increasing profit in long term. However, s172 provides indirectly for sort of strategic CSR.



Does s172 mirror CSR? No? 

The fact that the interests of more stakeholders have been introduced by s172 in the decision-making process, does not mean that the director is obliged to promote them. S172 provides that the director must promote the success of the company for the benefit of the members, i.e. shareholders. In terms of the interests of stakeholders, s172 provides that the director must have regard, not promote them. Directors are obliged to promote the interests of shareholders, not stakeholders, which is contrary to the idea of CSR. According to s172 the interests of stakeholders must be considered, not promoted, as long as this benefits shareholders which is not compatible with CSR since the latter provides that balance between stakeholders’ interests is key. 



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]]> https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/christi-perou/feed/ 0 Rooney Adu-Gyamfi https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/rooney-adu-gyamfi/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rooney-adu-gyamfi https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/rooney-adu-gyamfi/#respond Mon, 07 Feb 2022 13:34:03 +0000 https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/2022ugconference/w5v3zq44/  

Rooney Adu-Gyamfi

Rooney Adu-Gyamfi

Computing and Digital Technologies (B&FC) | Year 3 | Degree: Computer Science
At what level can deep learning be applied towards eliminating the need for skilful experts towards the diagnosis of parasitized or healthy malaria patients in remote parts of the world.

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Introduction

Malaria is an infectious mosquito borne disease the is caused by the plasmodium parasite. It is transmitted when an individual is bitten by an infected mosquito. According to the WHO`s 2020 World malaria report, there was an estimated 241 malaria cases and 627,000 deaths worldwide in 2020 (WHO, 2021). About 47,000 of these cases were linked to improper diagnosis and disruptions.

    Malaria is more commonly found in underdeveloped areas where the diagnosis of medical conditions are not easily accessible. The plasmodium parasite works by infecting the liver and multiplying in large numbers then attacking the red blood cells. If this is not diagnosed properly, it could lead to untimely death to the human infected with it. An early diagnosis is essential for the treatment of malaria. The medically accepted form of diagnosis worldwide is the light microscopy technique. Microscopic diagnosis while currently properly is long and tedious and also requires skilled technicians which may take about 15-20 minutes to count all the cells.  A study in Ghana found that there were only 1.72 microscopes per 100,000 population but only 0.85 trained technicians per 100,000 population (Bates, 2004). Due to this unavailability of microscopes and skill technicians, diagnosis are made on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms alone.


Research Aim

Light microscopy remains a good approach to diagnosing malaria however interpretation of the images is labour intensive intensive and limited to the skill level of the microscopist.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks in categorizing microscopic blood smear images as parasitized or healthy. A deep learning approach to malaria diagnosis will limit the need for a human expert and furthermore decrease the cost of equipment and minimize the use of electricity. 


Parasitized vs Healthy Blood Smear Images


Parasitized Blood Smear Image


Healthy Blood Smear Image


This study aims to determine at what level deep learning can be applied towards eliminating the need for skilful experts towards the diagnosis of parasitized or healthy malaria patients in remote parts of the world


Proposed Solutions

Majority of the work related to malaria diagnosis require human expert intervention to aid in interpretation of their results. Attempts made in automating the traditional microscopy has produced very little success as there is still the problem of differentiating the species and determining the parasitic stage. In this research, a deep learning approach is proposed as a viable solution to these problems. By comparing two different deep learning models VGG-19 and ResNet-60 , a smartphone based application will be created to determine which one is more accurate. The figure below is a pictorial diagram of a mobile based solution




Proposed Deep Learning Model


The Convolutional Neural Network Architecture Used here is the Resnet-60. It shows the client that interacts with the server a trained convolutional neural network model. Th architecture can be used to train millions of images. The cell image is given as an input then the convolutional neural network will learn the basic characteristics such as the edges, spots, shape and size. The output results will indicate whether a patient is infected or healthy.

 


 

References

Bates, V. a.-A. (2004). Improving the accuracy of malaria-related laboratory tests.

Brydegaard, M. M. (2011). Versatile multispectral microscope based on light emiting diodes. Review of Scientific Instruments, 82.

  1. Ohrt, D. T. (1999). “Impact of microscopy error on protective efficacy estimates in. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 134.

D, P. (1988). Use and limitations of light microscopy for diagnosing malaria at the primary health care level. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 621–626.

Omucheni, D. (2012). Multispectral imaging of human blood media applied to malaria. M.Sc thesis, University of Nairobi.

Ross, N. P. (2006). Automated image processing method for the diagnosis and classification of malaria on thin blood smears. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 427-436.

WHO. (2021). World malaria report 2021. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2021

Zoueu, J. T. (2008). Optical Microscope Based on Multispectral Imaging Applied to Plasmodium Diagnosis. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2711-2717.

 

 


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