{"id":7304,"date":"2019-05-22T15:55:26","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T15:55:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/artificial_intelligence_-ai\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T15:55:26","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T15:55:26","slug":"artificial_intelligence_-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/artificial_intelligence_-ai\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial intelligence (AI)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Also known as machine intelligence, it is problem solving, recognition, and other intelligent-like behavior exhibited by an inanimate device. &nbsp;Computers, and especially programming languages such Lisp, led to an explosion of interest in AI. &nbsp;Examples of the sorts of problems tackled by AI include computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition. &nbsp;However, the most publicised advances in AI have been made in the field of games playing, the best known example being the supercomputer <a href=\"http:\/\/www.academicchess.org\/Focus\/DeepBlue\/IBMbillwall.shtml\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.academicchess.org\/Focus\/DeepBlue\/IBMbillwall.shtml&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep Blue<\/a> that defeated the world champion Gary Kasparov in 1997. &nbsp;There are two types of AI: strong and weak. &nbsp;Strong AI, a term credited to the philosopher <a href=\"http:\/\/globetrotter.berkeley.edu\/people\/Searle\/searle-con0.html\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/globetrotter.berkeley.edu\/people\/Searle\/searle-con0.html&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Searle<\/a>, aims at producing computer programs that can truly reason and solve problems, and thus it is intended to be sentient or self-aware. &nbsp;It is distinguished in terms of human-like and non-human-like AI. &nbsp;Weak AI does not claim true reasoning or problem solving, but only that programs can act as if they were intelligent. &nbsp;Perhaps the founding father of AI was <a href=\"http:\/\/www.turing.org.uk\/turing\/\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.turing.org.uk\/turing\/&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alan M. Turing<\/a> (1912-1954) and its beginnings in the Turing test. &nbsp;The term AI was coined in 1955 by the MIT computer scientist <a href=\"http:\/\/www-formal.stanford.edu\/jmc\/\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www-formal.stanford.edu\/jmc\/&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John McCarthy<\/a>, the person who devised the computer program <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apl.jhu.edu\/~hall\/lisp.html\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.apl.jhu.edu\/~hall\/lisp.html&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lisp<\/a> (1958). &nbsp;It was his paper, presented at the Dartmouth College symposium in that year, which really launched AI as an interdisciplinary field of academic study.<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"co-occurrence_learning\">Co-occurrence learning<\/a>, <a href=\"cognitive_science\">Cognitive science<\/a>, <a href=\"computational_models\">Computational models<\/a>, <a href=\"connectionist_models\">Connectionist models<\/a>, <a href=\"cybernetics\">Cybernetics<\/a>, <a href=\"hixon_symposium\">Hixon symposium<\/a>, <a href=\"intelligence\">Intelligence<\/a>, <a href=\"interdiscipline\">Interdiscipline<\/a>, <a href=\"monism\">Monism<\/a>, <a href=\"neural_net\">Neural net<\/a>, <a href=\"on-line_emergence\">On-line emergence<\/a>, <a href=\"problem_solving\">Problem solving<\/a>, Turing test<\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Also known as machine intelligence, it is problem solving, recognition, and other intelligent-like behavior exhibited by an inanimate device. &nbsp;Computers, and especially programming languages such Lisp, led to an explosion of interest in AI. &nbsp;Examples of the sorts of problems tackled by AI include computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition. &nbsp;However, the most &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/artificial_intelligence_-ai\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Artificial intelligence (AI)&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-7304","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7304","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7304"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7304\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7304"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7304"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}