{"id":7476,"date":"2019-05-22T15:57:17","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T15:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/chiari_ii_malformation\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T15:57:17","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T15:57:17","slug":"chiari_ii_malformation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/chiari_ii_malformation\/","title":{"rendered":"Chiari II malformation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sometimes referred to as the Arnold-Chiara malformation, it is a complex malformation of the brain and spine characterized often by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/001558.htm\" data-editable-link=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/001558.htm?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">myelomeningocoele&nbsp;<\/a>&nbsp;nd hydrocephalus, asub-type of spina bifida (in which the embryonic caudal&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com\/neuropore\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com\/neuropore?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">neuropore<\/a>&nbsp;fails to close and spinalcord protrudes from back), reduced posterior fossa and descent of the brain stemand cerebellum. &nbsp;Frequentlyassociated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. &nbsp;It takes on a number of different forms and arises from a variety of determinants. &nbsp;Type II is most common form and is congenital in&nbsp;origin and arises from structural defects during fetal development as a consequence of genetic mutation or lack of vitamins and other nutrients in the maternal diet. &nbsp;Type I occurs during the postnatal development of the brain and skull, with the result that it is not manifest until late childhood or adulthood. &nbsp;This type can arise, for example, if an excessive amount of spinal fluid is drained from the lumbar or thoracic due to injury or exposure to toxins. &nbsp;Functional consequences vary, for example, from balance and coordination problems to muscle weakness to difficulties with swallowing. &nbsp;The overall incidence is 1 in 1000 live births. &nbsp;Is names is associated with the pathologist&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-007-0535-y?no-access=true\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-007-0535-y?no-access=true?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hans Chiari<\/a>&nbsp;(1851-1916) who reported a case in 1891. &nbsp;However, there were relevant&nbsp;descriptions prior to Chiari. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"brain_stem\">Brain stem<\/a>, Cerebellum(anatomy), <a href=\"cerebellum_-disorders-\">Cerebellum (disorders)<\/a>, <a href=\"congenital_abnormalities\">Congenital abnormalities<\/a>, <a href=\"corpus_callosum\">Corpus callosum<\/a>, Dandy-Walker syndrome, Hydrocephalus (or hydrocephaly)<\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sometimes referred to as the Arnold-Chiara malformation, it is a complex malformation of the brain and spine characterized often by&nbsp;myelomeningocoele&nbsp;&nbsp;nd hydrocephalus, asub-type of spina bifida (in which the embryonic caudal&nbsp;neuropore&nbsp;fails to close and spinalcord protrudes from back), reduced posterior fossa and descent of the brain stemand cerebellum. &nbsp;Frequentlyassociated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. &nbsp;It &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/chiari_ii_malformation\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Chiari II malformation&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-7476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7476"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7476\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}