{"id":7746,"date":"2019-05-22T16:00:12","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/discipline\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:00:12","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:00:12","slug":"discipline","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/discipline\/","title":{"rendered":"Discipline"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Its meaning and allocation to subjects has changed considerably over historical time. &nbsp;Whatever the meanings offered, they have never included the tools used (e.g., developmental biology studies the development of multicellular organisms using whatever tools are available). &nbsp;By the 18th century, and following <a href=\"http:\/\/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Leibniz.html\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Leibniz.html&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gottfried W. Leibniz<\/a> (1646-1716) who was reputed to be the last person to have known every discipline, there was a fragmentation of knowledge and a considerable increase in the number of disciplines. &nbsp;By the 20th century, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.des.emory.edu\/mfp\/Kuhnsnap.html\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.des.emory.edu\/mfp\/Kuhnsnap.html&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Thomas Kuhn<\/a> (1922-1996) contended that a discipline is particular scientific community, united by a common education, methods of accreditation, professional communication via discipline-specific journals and conferences as well as similar interests in problems of a particular sort and the acceptance of a range of solutions to them. &nbsp;A problem is to distinguish a discipline from something like a &#8216;field of study&#8217;. &nbsp;Primatology is perhaps a field of study as it is defined more by its object of study (viz., primates) than by the specific the subject matter it addresses. &nbsp;Thus, fields of study are defined by a common target of study, and subject-oriented disciplines by common goals, research questions, terminology and methodology. &nbsp;On this basis, both anthropology and psychology could be considered to be fields of study rather than disciplines, and, for example, developmental psychology as a sub-field of psychology.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"anthropology\">Anthropology<\/a>, <a href=\"biochemistry\">Biochemistry<\/a>, <a href=\"biology\">Biology<\/a>, <a href=\"biophysics\">Biophysics<\/a>, <a href=\"developmental_biology\">Developmental biology<\/a>, <a href=\"developmental_psychology\">Developmental psychology<\/a>, Inter-dependence, <a href=\"interdisciplinarity\">Interdisciplinarity<\/a>, <a href=\"interdiscipline\">Interdiscipline<\/a>, <a href=\"levels_of_organization\">Levels of organization<\/a>, Psychology  <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Its meaning and allocation to subjects has changed considerably over historical time. &nbsp;Whatever the meanings offered, they have never included the tools used (e.g., developmental biology studies the development of multicellular organisms using whatever tools are available). &nbsp;By the 18th century, and following Gottfried W. Leibniz (1646-1716) who was reputed to be the last person &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/discipline\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Discipline&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-7746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7746","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7746"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7746\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}