{"id":7899,"date":"2019-05-22T16:01:51","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:01:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/evolution\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:01:51","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:01:51","slug":"evolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/evolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A view dating back to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.personal.kent.edu\/~rmuhamma\/Philosophy\/PhiloHistory\/anaximander.htm\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.personal.kent.edu\/~rmuhamma\/Philosophy\/PhiloHistory\/anaximander.htm&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anaximander of Miletus<\/a> (6th century BP), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.enotes.com\/empedocles-acragas-reference\/empedocles-acragas\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.enotes.com\/empedocles-acragas-reference\/empedocles-acragas&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Empedocles of Acragas<\/a> (5th century BP) and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.philosophypages.com\/ph\/aris.htm\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.philosophypages.com\/ph\/aris.htm&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aristotle<\/a> (384-322 BP) that change at all levels of organization is inherently progressive and directed toward some ideal end state of greater complexity. &nbsp;Starting in the 17th century and through to end of the 19th century, it was a central concept in the preformationism-epigenesis debate and became synonymous with development. &nbsp;Due to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ibe.unesco.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/archive\/publications\/ThinkersPdf\/spencere.pdf\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.ibe.unesco.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/archive\/publications\/ThinkersPdf\/spencere.pdf&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Herbert Spencer<\/a> (1820-1903), it became restricted to biological (and cultural) evolution, but still with the connotation of progress. &nbsp;Charles Darwin (1809-1882) in turn removed the association with progressive change in his theory of descent with modification, a label he preferred to evolution. In this respect, his theory was different from that put forward by <a href=\"http:\/\/wallacefund.info\/\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/wallacefund.info\/&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alfred Russel Wallace <\/a>(1823-1913).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"biological_evolution\">Biological evolution<\/a>, <a href=\"development\">Development<\/a>, <a href=\"developmental_hypothesis\">Developmental hypothesis<\/a>, <a href=\"epigenesis\">Epigenesis<\/a>, <a href=\"growth\">Growth<\/a>, Prefomationism, <a href=\"progress\">Progress<\/a>, <a href=\"theory_of_descent_with_modification\">Theory of descent with modification<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A view dating back to Anaximander of Miletus (6th century BP), Empedocles of Acragas (5th century BP) and Aristotle (384-322 BP) that change at all levels of organization is inherently progressive and directed toward some ideal end state of greater complexity. &nbsp;Starting in the 17th century and through to end of the 19th century, it &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/evolution\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Evolution&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-7899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7899"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7899\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}