{"id":7948,"date":"2019-05-22T16:02:23","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:02:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/feedback\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:02:23","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:02:23","slug":"feedback","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/feedback\/","title":{"rendered":"Feedback"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Information about the results of a process that is used to change the process itself. &nbsp;There are two types of feedback. &nbsp;Negative feedback, invented by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ieee.org\/documents\/proc_scanpast0211.pdf\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.ieee.org\/documents\/proc_scanpast0211.pdf&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harold S. Black<\/a> (1898-1983) in 1927 to stabilize <a href=\"http:\/\/www.urbandictionary.com\/define.php?term=tube+amp\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.urbandictionary.com\/define.php?term=tube+amp?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vacuum tube amplifiers<\/a>, is a circular or closed-loop causal process in which the system&#8217;s output is returned to its input, which is then compared to desired outcome in a comparator. &nbsp;If the desired outcome and the input deviate (i.e., if there is an error signal), then the discrepancy is corrected so that the two are equal and homeostasis is maintained. &nbsp;Hence, it is also referred to as deviation-reducing, error-reducing or stabilizing feedback. &nbsp;It is a self-regulating mechanism involved in many biological processes such EEG waves, postural control and the control of slow goal-directed movements, with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/aus\/catalogue\/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521651172\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/aus\/catalogue\/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521651172?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Piaget<\/a> even claiming that his concept of equilibration is an example of negative feedback. &nbsp;Positive feedback, in contrast, is when the correction is made in the same direction as the original displacement and thus serves to amplify it. &nbsp;Hence, it is referred to deviation-amplifying feedback. &nbsp;While positive feedback has been compared to a vicious circle, that has connotations of &#8216;misfortune&#8217; and &#8216;disaster&#8217;, it is in effect the embodiment of a self-enhancing process. &nbsp;Thus, for example, <a href=\"http:\/\/icb.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/40\/5\/729.full\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/icb.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/40\/5\/729.full&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Waddington&#8217;s concept of homeorhesis<\/a> was depicted by him as a process of maintaining a balance between positive feedback (which changes the developing system) and negative feedback (which maintains its stability). &nbsp;Furthermore, the amplification provided by positive feedback is required for recordings of brain activity as made, for example by means of EEG and microelectrodes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See Circular causality, <a href=\"closed-loop_and_open-loop_control\">Closed-loop and open-loop control<\/a>, <a href=\"cybernetics\">Cybernetics<\/a>, <a href=\"electroencephalogram_-eeg-\">Electroencephalogram (EEG)<\/a>, <a href=\"equilibration\">Equilibration<\/a>, <a href=\"feedforward\">Feedforward<\/a>, <a href=\"homeorhesis\">Homeorhesis<\/a>, <a href=\"kinesthesis\">Kinesthesis<\/a>, Hypothalamic-pitutiary-adrenal (HPA) axis, <a href=\"motor_control\">Motor control<\/a>, <a href=\"postural_control\">Postural control<\/a>, <a href=\"praxis\">Praxis<\/a>, <a href=\"proprioception\">Proprioception<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Information about the results of a process that is used to change the process itself. &nbsp;There are two types of feedback. &nbsp;Negative feedback, invented by Harold S. Black (1898-1983) in 1927 to stabilize vacuum tube amplifiers, is a circular or closed-loop causal process in which the system&#8217;s output is returned to its input, which is &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/feedback\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Feedback&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-7948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7948","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7948"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7948\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7948"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7948"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7948"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}