{"id":8049,"date":"2019-05-22T16:03:28","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:03:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/genotype_and_phenotype\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:03:28","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:03:28","slug":"genotype_and_phenotype","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/genotype_and_phenotype\/","title":{"rendered":"Genotype and phenotype"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A distinction first made by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.darwinarkivet.dk\/en\/responses\/danish-responses\/biographies\/wilhelm-ludvig-johannsen\/\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.darwinarkivet.dk\/en\/responses\/danish-responses\/biographies\/wilhelm-ludvig-johannsen\/&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wilhelm L. Johannsen<\/a>&nbsp;(1857-1927)&nbsp;in 1909. &nbsp;Genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell or individual. &nbsp;When if refers to the whole organism, the term is sometimes exchanged with genome. &nbsp;Phenotype is the organism&#8217;s characters (structural and functional) determined by the combined influences of its genetic constitution and environment. &nbsp;Phenome is sometimes used when reference is made to the whole organism. &nbsp;According to the evolutionary biologist <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasonline.org\/publications\/biographical-memoirs\/memoir-pdfs\/dobzhansky-theodosius.pdf\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.nasonline.org\/publications\/biographical-memoirs\/memoir-pdfs\/dobzhansky-theodosius.pdf&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Theodosius Dobzhansky<\/a> (1900-1975), a phenotype has a much broader connotation, namely, that it is &nbsp;&#8220;&#8230; the total of everything that can be observed or inferred about an individual.&#8221; [Dobzhansky, T. (1962). <span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: italic;\">Mankind evolving<\/span>. New Haven, CT:&nbsp;Yale University Press, pp. 41-42]. &nbsp;Thus, it includes both external appearance and internal anatomy and physiology, as well as a person&#8217;s cognitive processes and interaction with events, objects and people. &nbsp;It changes over time, and depends to a large extent on the environmental circumstances that a person has encountered.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"behavioral_phenotype_syndromes\">Behavioral phenotype syndromes<\/a>, <a href=\"character\">Character<\/a>, <a href=\"cultural_evolution_and_biological_evolution\">Cultural evolution and biological evolution<\/a>, <a href=\"epigenetics\">Epigenetics<\/a>, <a href=\"forward_genetics\">Forward genetics<\/a>, <a href=\"function\">Function<\/a>, <a href=\"gene\">Gene<\/a>, <a href=\"gene_traps\">Gene traps<\/a>, <a href=\"genome\">Genome<\/a>, <a href=\"inclusive_fitness\">Inclusive fitness<\/a>, <a href=\"motor_noise\">Motor noise<\/a>, <a href=\"mutant\">Mutant<\/a>, <a href=\"polygenes\">Polygenes<\/a>, Trait <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A distinction first made by Wilhelm L. Johannsen&nbsp;(1857-1927)&nbsp;in 1909. &nbsp;Genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell or individual. &nbsp;When if refers to the whole organism, the term is sometimes exchanged with genome. &nbsp;Phenotype is the organism&#8217;s characters (structural and functional) determined by the combined influences of its genetic constitution and environment. &nbsp;Phenome is sometimes &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/genotype_and_phenotype\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Genotype and phenotype&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-8049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8049","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8049"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8049\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8049"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8049"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8049"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}