{"id":8140,"date":"2019-05-22T16:04:28","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:04:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/holism\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:04:28","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:04:28","slug":"holism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/holism\/","title":{"rendered":"Holism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A term accredited to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sahistory.org.za\/people\/general-jan-christiaan-smuts\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.sahistory.org.za\/people\/general-jan-christiaan-smuts&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jan C. Smuts<\/a> (1870-1950) who first used it in the 1920s as the antithesis of radical reductionism, and which is understood to mean that the properties of a system cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its constituent parts alone. &nbsp;Accordingly, systems are hierarchically organized, with the emergence of new properties between its levels of organization. &nbsp;Adopted in the developmental sciences by the likes of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/readingroom.php?book=biomems&amp;page=pweiss.html\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/readingroom.php?book=biomems&amp;page=pweiss.html?target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paul Weiss<\/a> (1898-1989), an embryologist, and other so-called organismic biologists.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"downward_causation_-or_macrocausation-\">Downward causation (or macrocausation)<\/a>, <a href=\"emergence\">Emergence<\/a>, <a href=\"general_system_theory_-gst-\">General system theory (GST)<\/a>, <a href=\"hierarchy\">Hierarchy<\/a>, <a href=\"levels_of_organization\">Levels of organization<\/a>, <a href=\"reductionism\">Reductionism<\/a>, Whole is greater than the sum of its parts     <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A term accredited to Jan C. Smuts (1870-1950) who first used it in the 1920s as the antithesis of radical reductionism, and which is understood to mean that the properties of a system cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its constituent parts alone. &nbsp;Accordingly, systems are hierarchically organized, with the emergence of &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/holism\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Holism&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-8140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8140"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8140\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8140"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}