{"id":8354,"date":"2019-05-22T16:06:48","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/logical_reasoning\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:06:48","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:06:48","slug":"logical_reasoning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/logical_reasoning\/","title":{"rendered":"Logical reasoning"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In general, reasoning in which conclusions can be derived from a set of related premises. &nbsp;More specifically, it entails three main types: <span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: italic;\">deduction<\/span> (applying a general rule, or major premise, to a specific situation, or minor premise, to arrive at a conclusion, e.g., all humans are mortal, Mick Jagger is human, Mick Jagger is mortal), <span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: italic;\">induction<\/span> (a specific conclusion is used to determine a general rule, e.g., when the temperature drops below freezing point, &nbsp;Mick Jagger&#8217;s open-air swimming pool ices over, today is it below freezing point, Mick Jagger&#8217;s open-air swimming pool is covered in ice), <span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: italic;\">abduction<\/span> (similar to inductive reasoning, but constrained by the application of probabilities, e.g., if it freezes, then Mick Jagger&#8217;s open-air swimming pool may ice over). &nbsp;For each of these three types, a distinction can be made between formal and informal reasoning. &nbsp;Formal reasoning, a form of deductive reasoning, is based on valid premises and thus provides a valid set of conclusions. &nbsp;As such, it delivers no new information, but rather &#8216;rearranges&#8217; what is known into a new conclusion. &nbsp;Informal reasoning, a close cousin of abductive reasoning, takes into account probabilities and truths about premises and conclusions. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"abstract_reasoning\">Abstract reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"analogical_reasoning\">Analogical reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"deduction\">Deduction<\/a>, Deductive-nomological (D-M) model, <a href=\"hypothetico-deductive_method\">Hypothetico-deductive method<\/a>, <a href=\"induction_-philosophy-\">Induction (philosophy)<\/a>, <a href=\"piaget-s_stage_theory\">Piaget&#8217;s stage theory<\/a>, <a href=\"problem_solving\">Problem solving<\/a>, <a href=\"reasoning_-psychology-\">Reasoning (psychology)<\/a>, <a href=\"spatial_reasoning\">Spatial reasoning<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In general, reasoning in which conclusions can be derived from a set of related premises. &nbsp;More specifically, it entails three main types: deduction (applying a general rule, or major premise, to a specific situation, or minor premise, to arrive at a conclusion, e.g., all humans are mortal, Mick Jagger is human, Mick Jagger is mortal), &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/logical_reasoning\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Logical reasoning&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-8354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8354"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8354\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8354"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}