{"id":8563,"date":"2019-05-22T16:09:04","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/neurulation\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:09:04","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:09:04","slug":"neurulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/neurulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Neurulation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In vertebrate embryos, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=f5rvWrZhI1M\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=f5rvWrZhI1M?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">formation of the neural tube<\/a> via the neural plate from the ectoderm by a process of invagination and closure, including the caudal and rostral ends. &nbsp;When this happens, the embryo is referred to as the neurula. &nbsp;Somites, which cells that give rise to muscles, ribs, skin and vertebrae, are formed in pairs along the neural tube. &nbsp;Neurulation involves two processes, termed &#8216;primary&#8217; and &#8216;secondary&#8217;\/ &nbsp;In primary neurulation, the neural plate folds inwards so that the edges make contact and fuse. &nbsp;In <a href=\"http:\/\/php.med.unsw.edu.au\/embryology\/index.php?title=Secondary_Neurulation_Movie\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/php.med.unsw.edu.au\/embryology\/index.php?title=Secondary_Neurulation_Movie?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">secondary neurulation<\/a>, the neural tube is formed from mesenchyme by hollowing out (or cavitation) a solid cord of cells. &nbsp;In mice, and probably humans, secondary neurulation begins at about the level of somite 35. &nbsp;The molecular signals for primary neurulation in humans are not fully understood, but is thought to involve the transcription factor&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/6469\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/6469?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sonic hedgehog&nbsp;<\/a>made in the notochord and floor plate. &nbsp;As for secondary neurulation, Bone Morphogenic Proteins in the rostral end of the neural tube has been suggested as candidate. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), <a href=\"caudal\">Caudal<\/a>, <a href=\"ectoderm\">Ectoderm<\/a>, <a href=\"embryogenesis\">Embryogenesis<\/a>, <a href=\"gastrulation\">Gastrulation<\/a>, <a href=\"holoprosencephaly\">Holoprosencephaly<\/a>, <a href=\"mesenchyme\">Mesenchyme<\/a>, <a href=\"neural_crest\">Neural crest<\/a>, <a href=\"neural_plate\">Neural plate<\/a>, <a href=\"neural_tube\">Neural tube<\/a>, <a href=\"neurula\">Neurula<\/a>, <a href=\"notochord\">Notochord<\/a>, <a href=\"polarizer\">Polarizer<\/a>, <a href=\"rostral\">Rostral<\/a>, <a href=\"somites\">Somites<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In vertebrate embryos, the formation of the neural tube via the neural plate from the ectoderm by a process of invagination and closure, including the caudal and rostral ends. &nbsp;When this happens, the embryo is referred to as the neurula. &nbsp;Somites, which cells that give rise to muscles, ribs, skin and vertebrae, are formed in &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/neurulation\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Neurulation&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-8563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8563"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8563\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8563"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8563"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}