{"id":8644,"date":"2019-05-22T16:09:57","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:09:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/oppositional_defiant_disorder_-odd\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:09:57","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:09:57","slug":"oppositional_defiant_disorder_-odd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/oppositional_defiant_disorder_-odd\/","title":{"rendered":"Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Common childhood onset symptom constellation dominated by negativism, temper tantrums, labile mood, aggression and quarrelsome attitude. &nbsp;Children with ODD may also manifest learned helplessness and a lack of self-esteeem. &nbsp;Signs of ODD usually show before 8 years-of-age, perhaps somewhat later, but always before the teenage period. &nbsp;The signs appear gradually and then get worse over months or years. &nbsp;In the States, ODD has a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17593151\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17593151&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prevalence<\/a> 10.2%, with 11.2% for males and 9.2% for females. &nbsp;However, there are problems with its diagnosis. &nbsp;To begin with, criteria found in <a href=\"http:\/\/allpsych.com\/disorders\/dsm.html\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/allpsych.com\/disorders\/dsm.html&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DSM-IV<\/a> differ somewhat for those in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/en\/\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/en\/&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ICD-10<\/a>. &nbsp;Moreover, there are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dsm5.org\/Documents\/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.dsm5.org\/Documents\/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">differences<\/a> between DSM-IV and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dsm5.org\/Pages\/Default.aspx\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.dsm5.org\/Pages\/Default.aspx&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DSM-V<\/a> to reflect that ODD is not just a behavior disorder, but also demonstrates emotional and mood symptomatology. &nbsp;Then there is the problem of a marked co-morbidity with other disorders such as ADHD. &nbsp;There is, however, <a href=\"http:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/article.aspx?articleID=175644\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org\/article.aspx?articleID=175644?target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">evidence<\/a> to treat ODD as having a distinct nosology. &nbsp;The causes of ODD are unknown and treatment is generally carried out with medication, but rather by means of a behavioral approach. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_-adhd-\">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)<\/a>, <a href=\"aggressive_behavior\">Aggressive behavior<\/a>, Behavior problem, <a href=\"co-morbidity\">Co-morbidity<\/a>, <a href=\"conduct_disorder\">Conduct disorder<\/a>, <a href=\"learned_helplessness\">Learned helplessness<\/a>, <a href=\"nosology\">Nosology<\/a>, <a href=\"parent-child_interaction_therapy_-pcit-\">Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)<\/a>, <a href=\"prevalence\">Prevalence<\/a>, <a href=\"self-esteem\">Self-esteem<\/a>, <a href=\"temperament\">Temperament<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Common childhood onset symptom constellation dominated by negativism, temper tantrums, labile mood, aggression and quarrelsome attitude. &nbsp;Children with ODD may also manifest learned helplessness and a lack of self-esteeem. &nbsp;Signs of ODD usually show before 8 years-of-age, perhaps somewhat later, but always before the teenage period. &nbsp;The signs appear gradually and then get worse over &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/oppositional_defiant_disorder_-odd\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-8644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8644","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8644"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8644\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8644"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8644"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8644"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}