{"id":8654,"date":"2019-05-22T16:10:04","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:10:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/organism-environment_mutualism\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:10:04","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:10:04","slug":"organism-environment_mutualism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/organism-environment_mutualism\/","title":{"rendered":"Organism-environment mutualism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Having assumed the status of a principle in the ecological psychology of <a href=\"http:\/\/psychology.illinoisstate.edu\/jbwagma\/01_Wagman_Miller_Target.pdf\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" target=\"_self\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/psychology.illinoisstate.edu\/jbwagma\/01_Wagman_Miller_Target.pdf&amp;target=_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">James J. Gibson <\/a>(1904-1979), it holds that animal and environment, as well as perception and action, are yoked by the two fundamental reciprocities that function in distinct, but complementary ways&nbsp;a reciprocity between internal and external frames of references (i.e., between internal and external degrees of freedom) and a reciprocity between movement and the detection of the resultant information it generates (i.e., between &nbsp;the generation of force fields and the generation of flow fields). &nbsp;It has been questioned whether the affordance concept actually abides by the principle of mutualism. &nbsp;This is because affordances are supposed to exist independently of the observer who may or may not perceive them. &nbsp;The result is that the perceiver must be excluded from the determination of affordances, which is thus contrary to the principle.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"affordance\">Affordance<\/a>, <a href=\"degrees_of_freedom_-or_bernstein-s-_problem\">Degrees of freedom (or Bernstein&#8217;s) problem<\/a>, <a href=\"direct_realist_account\">Direct realist account<\/a>, <a href=\"ecological_psychology\">Ecological psychology<\/a>, <a href=\"information\">Information<\/a>, <a href=\"organism\">Organism<\/a>, <a href=\"perception\">Perception<\/a>, <a href=\"perception-action_coupling\">Perception-action coupling<\/a>, <a href=\"principle\">Principle<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Having assumed the status of a principle in the ecological psychology of James J. Gibson (1904-1979), it holds that animal and environment, as well as perception and action, are yoked by the two fundamental reciprocities that function in distinct, but complementary ways&nbsp;a reciprocity between internal and external frames of references (i.e., between internal and external &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/organism-environment_mutualism\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Organism-environment mutualism&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-8654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8654"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8654\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}