{"id":8691,"date":"2019-05-22T16:10:28","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:10:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/parkinson-s_disease\/"},"modified":"2019-05-22T16:10:28","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T16:10:28","slug":"parkinson-s_disease","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/parkinson-s_disease\/","title":{"rendered":"Parkinson&#8217;s disease"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Herbert Ehringer and Oleh Hornykiewicz* found in 1960 that basal ganglia dopamine levels in Parkinson&#8217;s patients were about one-tenth of normal levels, a finding that dovetails with consistent degeneration of the substantia nigra. &nbsp;However, signs of the disease do not typically appear until dopamine levels have decreased by at least 80 to 90%. &nbsp;A standard treatment is to administer the drug L-dopa (Sinemet), which can be converted to extra dopamine by the few remaining neurons of the substantial nigra. &nbsp;This can temporarily compensate for the loss of dopaminergic cells, but it does not halt the disease process. &nbsp;Another treatment is <a href=\"http:\/\/www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu\/centers-excellence\/epilepsy-and-movement-disorders-program\/deep-brain-stimulation-movement-disorders\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu\/centers-excellence\/epilepsy-and-movement-disorders-program\/deep-brain-stimulation-movement-disorders&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deep brain stimulation<\/a>: electrodes are surgically implanted in the thalamus to inactivate essential tremors and in the globus pallidus, the main output of the basal ganglia, to combat the effects of dystonia. &nbsp;Parkinson&#8217;s disease was first accurately described by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.biography.com\/people\/james-parkinson-21226395#!\" class=\"cc-route-enabled\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.biography.com\/people\/james-parkinson-21226395#!&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">James Parkinson <\/a>(1755-1824) in 1817, and later in more detail by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thefamouspeople.com\/profiles\/jean-martin-charcot-439.php\" data-editable-link=\"http:\/\/www.thefamouspeople.com\/profiles\/jean-martin-charcot-439.php&amp;target=_self\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jean-Martin Charcot<\/a>&nbsp;(1825-1893). &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"acetylcholine_-ach-\">Acetylcholine (AcH)<\/a>, <a href=\"akinesia\">Akinesia<\/a>, <a href=\"basal_ganglia_-anatomy-\">Basal ganglia (anatomy)<\/a>, <a href=\"basal_ganglia_-disorders-\">Basal ganglia (disorders)<\/a>, <a href=\"dopamine\">Dopamine<\/a>, <a href=\"dystonia\">Dystonia<\/a>, <a href=\"extrapyramidal_system\">Extrapyramidal system<\/a>, Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), <a href=\"hypertonia\">Hypertonia<\/a>, <a href=\"nerve_growth_factor_-ngf-\">Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)<\/a>, <a href=\"red_nucleus\">Red nucleus<\/a>, Thalamus<\/p>\n<p>*&nbsp;Ehringer, H., &amp; Hornykiewicz, O. (1960).&nbsp;<span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: normal;\">Verteilung von noradrenalin und Dopamin<\/span>(3-hydroxy tryptamin) <span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: normal;\">im Gehrin des Menschen und ihr Verhalten beiErkrankungen des extrapyramidalen Systems. <\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: normal;\">Klin Wochenscher<\/span>, <span class=\"\" style=\"font-style: normal;\">38,&nbsp;<\/span>1236-9.<\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Herbert Ehringer and Oleh Hornykiewicz* found in 1960 that basal ganglia dopamine levels in Parkinson&#8217;s patients were about one-tenth of normal levels, a finding that dovetails with consistent degeneration of the substantia nigra. &nbsp;However, signs of the disease do not typically appear until dopamine levels have decreased by at least 80 to 90%. &nbsp;A standard &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/parkinson-s_disease\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Parkinson&#8217;s disease&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-8691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-glossary","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8691"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8691\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8691"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8691"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/fas\/psych\/glossary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}