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By_II <name key="Denise Svoboda">

PIGEONS_NN2 AND_CC DOVES_NN2

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Collared_VVD Dove_NP1

DOVES_NN2 AND_CC PIGEONS_NN2

Woodpigeon_NN1

By_II <name key="Denise Svoboda">

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<chpb desc="1."> Introduction_NN1

I_PPIS1 chose_VVD Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 because_CS I_PPIS1 know_VV0 that_CST Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 are_VBR always_RR good_JJ birds_NN2 to_TO have_VHI around_II the_AT house_NN1 ._. (_( And_CC seeing_CS21 that_CS22 we_PPIS2 've_VH0 got_VVN them_PPHO2 around_RP our_APPGE house_NN1 helped_VVD <reg> as_RR21 well_RR22 </reg> !_! )_)

In_II this_DD1 project_NN1 I_PPIS1 hope_VV0 you_PPY will_VM find_VVI out_RP as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA I_PPIS1 did_VDD by_II reading_VVG it_PPH1 ._.

<gap desc="figure"> WARNING_NN1 :_:

TEDIOUS_JJ EXPLANATIONS_NN2 !_! !_! !_!

I_PPIS1 'll_VM try_VVI and_CC make_VVI this_DD1 as_RG simple_JJ as_CSA possible_JJ

I_PPIS1 had_VHD a_AT1 bit_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 problem_NN1 deciding_VVG what_DDQ bird_NN1 I_PPIS1 should_VM do_VDI :_:

1_MC1 ._. I_PPIS1 thought_VVD doing_NN1 Collared_VVD Doves_NN2 ,_, Doves_NN2 and_CC Pigeons_NN2 was_VBDZ a_AT1 good_JJ ideas_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT reasons_NN2 above_RL ._.

2_MC ._. I_PPIS1 wanted_VVD to_TO learn_VVI about_II birds_NN2 that_CST I_PPIS1 knew_VVD nothing_PN1 about_II so_RR I_PPIS1 chose_VVD the_AT Goldeneye_NN1 and_CC Mandarin_NN1 ducks_NN2 ._.

3_MC ._. I_PPIS1 could_VM n't_XX find_VVI much_DA1 information_NN1 about_II them_PPHO2 so_CS I_PPIS1 went_VVD back_RP to_II Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 ._.

The_AT Archangel_NP1 (_( Ornamental_JJ pigeons_NN2 )_)

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(_( I_PPIS1 've_VH0 tried_VVN to_TO capitalize_VVI the_AT 1st_MD letter_NN1 of_IO 'Pigeons_NN2 '_GE and_CC 'Doves_NN2 '_GE ._. )_)

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Contents_NN2

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&bquo_FO ;_; You_PPY 're_VBR in_RP for_IF a_AT1 big_JJ <sic> tweet_NN1 </sic> ?_? &equo_FO ;_;

(_( This_DD1 project_NN1 <reg> is_VBZ n't_XX </reg> about_II eagles_NN2 and_CC fish_NN !_! )_)

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Structure_NN1

The_AT structure_NN1 of_IO <reg> birds_NN2 '_GE </reg> bones_NN2 is_VBZ more_RGR or_CC less_RGR like_II the_AT human_JJ skeleton_NN1 except_II21 for_II22 a_AT1 few_DA2 things_NN2 like_II the_AT rib_NN1 cage_NN1 which_DDQ in_II a_AT1 bird_NN1 it_PPH1 's_VBZ solid_JJ and_CC a_AT1 human_NN1 's_GE is_VBZ like_II it_PPH1 's_VHZ got_VVN bars_NN2 wrapped_VVN around_II the_AT organs_NN2 ..._...

Rough_JJ sketch_NN1 of_IO the_AT bird_NN1 skeleton_NN1

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(_( Crow_NP1 's_GE Skeleton_NN1 )_)

Skull_NN1

Neck_NN1 bones_NN2

LARGER_JJR !_!

Wishbone_VV0

Humerus_NN1

Ceracoid_NN1

Upper_JJ arm_NN1

Rib_NN1 Cage_NN1

Femur_NN1 behind_II knee-joint_JJ

Tibia_NN1

Pygostyle_NN1

Ankle_NN1 joint_NN1

Metacarpus_NN1

Tarsus_NP1

Forearm_VV0

Keel_VV0

Pelvis_NN1

Backbone_NN1

Ulna_NN1

Radius_NN1

1_MC1 SKULL_NN1 :_:

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Ear_NN1

Eye_NN1 socket_NN1

Cranium_NN1

Pigeon_NN1 skull_NN1

Pigeons_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 unique_JJ straw_NN1 like_II beak_NN1 for_IF sucking_VVG up_RP liquids_NN2 ._.

Birds_NP1 <reg> similar_JJ </reg> to_II the_AT pigeon_NN1 (_( in_II eating_VVG plants_NN2 and_CC seeds_NN2 )_) all_DB have_VH0 a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO muscular_JJ grinding_JJ chamber_NN1 called_VVN the_AT gizzard_NN1 page_NN1 7_MC ._.

Only_RR fast-moving_JJ prey_NN1 eaters_NN2 do_VD0 n't_XX have_VHI eye-sockets_NN2 facing_VVG sideways_RL ._. <sic> ie._REX </sic> the_AT owl_NN1 ..._...

The_AT 'cranium'_NN1 is_VBZ filled_VVN up_RP with_IW <reg> separate_JJ </reg> bones_NN2 fused_VVN together_RL for_IF light_JJ weight_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ essential_JJ for_IF flight_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 's_VBZ also_RR very_RG strong_JJ ._. You_PPY can_VM see_VVI the_AT beak_NN1 until_CS the_AT beak_NN1 joins_VVZ upwards_RL (_( on_II the_AT top_JJ <note desc="margin note"> mandible_NN1 </note> jaw_NN1 to_II the_AT head_NN1 ._. I_PPIS1 have_VH0 put_VVN a_AT1 star_NN1 on_II the_AT diagram_NN1 where_CS I_PPIS1 mean_VV0 ._.

Birds_NN2 have_VH0 binocular_JJ vision_NN1 after_II the_AT point_NN1 their_APPGE eyes_NN2 meet_VV0 :_:

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The_AT Woodcock_NP1 's_GE vision_NN1 plan_NN1

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Rear_JJ view_NN1 with_IW binocular_JJ vision_NN1

forward_JJ view_NN1 with_IW <reg> binocular_JJ </reg> vision_NN1 ._.

Normal_JJ view_NN1

Blind_JJ spot_NN1

key_NN1

<gap desc="colour key"> Binocular_JJ Vision_NN1

<gap desc="colour key"> Blind_JJ Spot_NN1

<gap desc="colour key"> Normal_JJ View_NN1

<gap desc="colour key"> Expanding_JJ (_( going_VVG on_RP in_II same_DA pattern_NN1 )_)

Most_DAT bird_NN1 's_GE view_NN1 is_VBZ halfway_RR (_( <reg> in_RL21 between_RL22 </reg> )_) the_AT owl_NN1 's_GE view_NN1 (_( like_II the_AT human_NN1 's_GE )_) and_CC the_AT Woodcock_NP1 's_GE (_( above_RL )_) ._.

NECK_NN1 BONES_NN2 :_: Birds_NN2 have_VH0 more_DAR bones_NN2 in_II their_APPGE neck_NN1 than_CSN <reg> any_DD other_JJ </reg> vertebrate_JJ animal_NN1 ._.

Swans_NN2 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW giraffes_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 got_VVN 25_MC vertebrae_NN2 and_CC giraffes_NN2 only_RR have_VH0 7_MC ._.

ARMS_NN2 :_: The_AT total_JJ arm/wing_NN1 bones_NN2 are_VBR made_VVN up_RP out_II21 of_II22 9_MC bones_NN2 :_:

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Ulna_NN1

Thumb_NN1

1st_MD finger_NN1

hand_NN1 like_II bone_NN1

2nd_MD finger_NN1

Forearm_VV0

Radius_NN1

Humerus_NN1

The_AT feathers_NN2 all_DB hang_VV0 off_RP from_II the_AT 9_MC bones_NN2 shown_VVN above_RL ._.

2_MC of_IO the_AT 12_MC air_NN1 sacs_NN2 connect_VV0 (_( 1_MC1 each_DD1 )_) to_II the_AT upper_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT 'humerus_NN1 '_GE ._.

2_MC The_AT joints_NN2 of_IO the_AT bones_NN2 are_VBR extremely_RR flexible_JJ so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT <reg> bird_NN1 's_GE </reg> wings_NN2 can_VM fold_VVI up_RP when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR n't_XX using_VVG them_PPHO2 :_:

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Humerus_NN1

Ulna_NN1

Radius_NN1

Thumb_NN1

Forearm_VV0

HAND_NN1

1st_MD finger_NN1

2nd_MD finger_NN1

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This_DD1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT wing_NN1 folds_NN2 under_II the_AT top_JJ part_NN1 ._.

3_MC KEEL_NP1 :_: The_AT keel_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 projected_JJ plate_NN1 of_IO bone_NN1 that_CST comes_VVZ from_II the_AT 6_MC breast_NN1 bones_NN2 (_( ribs_NN2 )_) ._.

The_AT keel_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 anchorage_NN1 for_IF the_AT bird_NN1 's_GE wing_NN1 muscles_NN2 ._. It_PPH1 also_RR is_VBZ joined_VVN up_RP with_IW the_AT wishbone_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ two_MC joined_JJ collarbones_NN2 ._. The_AT bird_NN1 has_VHZ wishbones_NN2 because_CS it_PPH1 helps_VVZ to_TO keep_VVI the_AT wing_NN1 muscles_NN2 down_RP ._. (_( so_CS it_PPH1 does_VDZ n't_XX fall_VVI off_RP ,_, <reg> basically_RR </reg> ,_, when_CS the_AT wing_NN1 is_VBZ flapping_VVG downwards_RL !_! )_)

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ARM_NN1

ARM_NN1

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4_MC LEGS_NN2 AND_CC PELVIS_NP1 :_: The_AT pelvis_NN1 or_CC hip_NN1 girdle_NN1 's_GE function_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO give_VVI support_NN1 to_II the_AT legs_NN2 ,_, give_VV0 an_AT1 expanded_JJ area_NN1 to_II the_AT leg_NN1 muscles_NN2 to_TO attach_VVI to_II and_CC it_PPH1 also_RR lets_VVZ the_AT tail_NN1 hang_VVI down_RP from_II it_PPH1 ._.

1_MC1 ._. <gap desc="figure">

2_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

3_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

Pygostyle_NP1 (_( base_NN1 for_IF all_DB tail_NN1 feathers_NN2 )_)

The_AT legs_NN2 have_VH0 17_MC bones_NN2 :_: The_AT 14_MC claw_NN1 and_CC toe_NN1 bones_NN2 and_CC the_AT 3_MC leg_NN1 ones_NN2 :_:

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femur_NN1

Tarsus_NP1

Hind_JJ toe_NN1

Bulky_JJ joint_NN1 (_( all_DB the_AT toes_NN2 base_VV0 here_RL )_)

False_JJ knee/Ankle_NN1

Tibia_NN1

LIGHTWEIGHT_JJ BONES_NN2 :_: The_AT bones_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 bird_NN1 <sic> has_VHZ </sic> to_TO be_VBI lightweight_JJ because_II21 of_II22 the_AT flight_NN1 restrictions_NN2 ._.

The_AT land_NN1 animals_NN2 have_VH0 bones_NN2 full_JJ of_IO a_AT1 honeycomb_NN1 patterned_JJ tissue_NN1 and_CC the_AT bird_NN1 's_GE is_VBZ full_JJ of_IO lightweight_JJ struts_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR reinforced_VVN ,_, and_CC honeycombed_VVD lightweight_JJ patterns_NN2 ,_, in_II their_APPGE hollow_JJ bones_NN2 ._.

The_AT pigeon_NN1 's_GE skeleton_NN1 weighs_VVZ one_MC1 twentieth_MD of_IO <reg> its_APPGE </reg> body_NN1 weight_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 Bald_JJ Eagle_NN1 's_GE 270g_NNU out_II21 of_II22 4kg_NNU the_AT other_JJ 3060g_NNU of_IO internal_JJ organs_NN2 (_( intestine_NN1 ,_, stomach_NN1 ..._... )_) the_AT rest_NN1 (_( 670g_NNU )_) of_IO feathers_NN2 ._.

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1_MC1 ._. Gullet_NN1

2_MC ._. Crop_NN1

3_MC ._. Heart_NN1

4_MC ._. Liver_NN1

5_MC ._. Stomach_NN1

6_MC ._. Gizzard_NN1

7_MC ._. Small_JJ intestine_NN1

8_MC ._. Pancreas_NN1

9_MC ._. Cloaca_NN1

10_MC ._. Lung_NN1

11_MC ._. Kidney_NN1 ._.

BREATHING_VVG

Each_DD1 lung_NN1 has_VHZ 6_MC air_NN1 sacs_NN2 ._. In_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 lung_NN1 a_AT1 passage_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II the_AT syrinx_NN1 (_( bird_NN1 's_GE song_NN1 chamber_NN1 )_) ,_, then_RT that_CST leads_VVZ to_II the_AT wind_NN1 pipe_NN1 (_( trachea_NN1 )_) ._.

GIZZARD_NP1

The_AT gizzard_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 muscular_JJ bag_NN1 that_CST grinds_VVZ up_RP food_NN1 ._. The_AT bird_NN1 swallows_VVZ small_JJ stones_NN2 to_TO help_VVI it_PPH1 grind_VVI ._. (_( The_AT bird_NN1 's_GE alternative_NN1 to_II teeth_NN2 ._. )_)

CROP_NN1

I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI what_DDQ the_AT 'crop'_NN1 is_VBZ for_IF but_CCB in_II a_AT1 Pigeon/Dove_NN1 the_AT lining_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 is_VBZ produced_VVN ,_, <reg> regurgitated_VVD </reg> 'Pigeon_NN1 milk'_NN1 ._.

Both_DB2 parents_NN2 produce_VV0 it_PPH1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 take_VV0 turns_NN2 on_II the_AT nest_NN1 ._.

The_AT 'milk'_NN1 is_VBZ lumpy_JJ and_CC thick_JJ and_CC made_VVD of_IO droplets_NN2 of_IO fat_NN1 contained_VVN by_II masses_NN2 of_IO cells_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 contains_VVZ no_AT lactose_NN1 but_CCB has_VHZ as_RG much_DA1 vitamin_NN1 A_ZZ1 as_CSA a_AT1 standard_JJ drop_NN1 of_IO cod_NN liver_NN1 oil_NN1 ._.

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Feathers_NN2

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<chpb desc="8.">

Wings_NN2 ._.

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Feathers_NN2 ARE_VBR flight_NN1 ._.

If_CS the_AT lift_NN1 of_IO the_AT wings_NN2 <sic> are_VBR </sic> greater_JJR than_CSN the_AT force_NN1 of_IO gravity_NN1 ..._... We_PPIS2 have_VH0 lift_NN1 off_RP !_!

Different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO feathers_NN2 :_:

Wing_NN1 :_: Inner_JJ flight_NN1 feathers_NN2 :_: help_VV0 to_TO provide_VVI <sic> up_RP lift_NN1 </sic> and_CC they_PPHS2 have_VH0 symmetrical_JJ areas_NN2 on_II each_DD1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT quill_NN1 ._.

Outer_JJ flight_NN1 feathers_NN2 :_: help_VV0 to_TO steer_VVI and_CC also_RR provide_VV0 an_AT1 <sic> up_II lift_NN1 </sic> ._. They_PPHS2 are_VBR <reg> asymmetrical_JJ </reg> ._.

Wing_NN1 Coverts_NN2 :_: form_VV0 a_AT1 smooth_JJ ,_, streamline_VV0 surface_NN1 for_IF air_NN1 and_CC wind_NN1 to_TO flow_VVI over_RP in_II the_AT front_NN1 of_IO the_AT wing_NN1 (_( base_NN1 )_) ._.

Contour_NN1 feathers_NN2 :_: are_VBR essential_JJ for_IF a_AT1 streamline_VV0 body_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ essential_JJ for_IF speed_NN1 ._. Also_RR 'overlapping'_VV0 is_VBZ the_AT trick_NN1 :_: forming_VVG smooth_JJ tops_NN2 for_IF air_NN1 to_TO flow_VVI over_RP ._.

I_PPIS1 wrote_VVD this_DD1 with_IW a_AT1 quill_NN1 and_CC ink_NN1 ._.

Pigeon_NN1 Wing_NN1 ._.

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Outer_JJ flight_NN1 feathers_NN2

Inner_JJ flight_NN1 feathers_NN2

Wing_NN1 Coverts_NN2

Contour_NN1 feathers_NN2

There_EX are_VBR downy_JJ feathers_NN2 like_II contour_NN1 feathers_NN2 and_CC wing_NN1 coverts_NN2 ._.

<gap desc="imported material"> -_- Contour_NN1 feathers_NN2 -_- <gap desc="imported material">

<gap desc="imported material"> -_- Tail_NN1 or_CC Wing_NN1 Coverts_NN2

There_EX are_VBR 'slick'_JJ feathers_NN2 like_II outer_JJ and_CC inner_JJ flight_NN1 feathers_NN2 ._.

<gap desc="imported material"> -_- Outer_JJ flight_NN1 feather_NN1 ._.

There_EX are_VBR half_DB and_CC half_DB feathers_NN2 ._.

<gap desc="imported material"> -_- A_AT1 Kestrel_NN1 's_GE Body_NN1 feather_NN1 ._.

A_AT1 more_RGR &quot_FO ;_; <sic> un-downy_NN1 </sic> &quot_FO ;_; wing_NN1 or_CC tail_NN1 covert_NN1 !_! <gap desc="imported material">

<note desc="written sideways in margin"> These_DD2 feathers_NN2 are_VBR probably_RR all_DB <reg> Doves_NN2 '_GE </reg> except_II21 for_II22 the_AT Kestrel_NN1 one_MC1 ._. </note>

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Feathers_NN2

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Body_NN1 and_CC Tail_NN1 ._.

The_AT tail_NN1 feathers_NN2 on_II a_AT1 bird_NN1 (_( and_CC of_RR21 course_RR22 the_AT tail_NN1 itself_PPX1 !_! )_) <sic> steers_VVZ </sic> the_AT body_NN1 ._.

Apart_II21 from_II22 that_CST the_AT body_NN1 is_VBZ covered_VVN with_IW contour_NN1 feathers_NN2 and_CC the_AT rest_NN1 are_VBR just_RR the_AT same_DA ._.

Quills_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR made_VVN from_II a_AT1 large_JJ bird_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 goose_NN1 or_CC swan_NN1 's_GE feather_NN1 ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 will_VM not_XX take_VVI much_DA1 pressure_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM take_VVI more_DAR than_CSN any_DD other_JJ birds_NN2 '_GE ._.

People_NN 's_GE first_MD pen_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 quill_NN1 !_! :_: <gap desc="figure">

They_PPHS2 shaved_VVD the_AT feathers_NN2 off_RP with_IW a_AT1 knife_NN1 ._. <gap desc="figure">

Then_RT they_PPHS2 cut_VV0 the_AT thickest_JJT tip_NN1 into_II a_AT1 nib_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 calligraphy_NN1 pen_NN1 shape_NN1 :_: <gap desc="figure"> ._. They_PPHS2 did_VDD this_DD1 very_RG carefully_RR so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT quill_NN1 (_( made_VVN out_II21 of_II22 keratin_NN1 )_) would_VM not_XX split_VVI ._.

A_AT1 quill_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI circular_JJ because_CS that_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT natural_JJ form_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ the_AT best_JJT strength_NN1 for_IF it_PPH1 ._.

The_AT quill_NN1 has_VHZ got_VVN keratin_NN1 in_II it_PPH1 so_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ n't_XX totally_RR hollow_JJ :_: <reg> It_PPH1 's_VBZ </reg> 'hollowness_NN1 '_GE is_VBZ like_II this_DD1 :_: <gap desc="figure">

hollow_NN1

filled_VVN with_IW keratin_NN1 ._.

Keratin_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ our_APPGE nails_NN2 ,_, skin_NN1 and_CC hair_NN1 <sic> is_VBZ </sic> made_VVN out_II21 of_II22 ._. (_( A_ZZ1 tough_JJ and_CC flexible_JJ protein_NN1 )_) ._.

Also_RR it_PPH1 evolved_VVD from_II the_AT dinosaur_NN1 scales_NN2 ._.

Now_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT skin_NN1 ,_, hair_NN1 and_CC nails_NN2 ,_, feathers_NN2 and_CC quills_NN2 and_CC reptile_NN1 and_CC insect_NN1 scales_NN2 that_CST we_PPIS2 know_VV0 today_RT ._.

Birds_NP1 '_GE uses_NN2 of_IO feathers_NN2 :_:

Sometimes_RT they_PPHS2 are_VBR used_VVN for_IF displays_NN2 like_II the_AT Peacocks_NP2 '_GE ._.

Keeping_VVG warm_JJ ._.

Warning_NN1 and_CC warding_VVG off_RP

Flight_NN1

Balancing_VVG

Fighting_NN1 and_CC nest_NN1 lining_NN1 ._.

Feathers_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI oiled_VVN and_CC that_DD1 is_VBZ done_VDN by_II an_AT1 oiling_NN1 gland_NN1 on_II the_AT body_NN1 :_: The_AT birds_NN2 put_VV0 the_AT oil_NN1 on_II21 to_II22 <reg> its_APPGE </reg> beak_NN1 and_CC <sic> rubs_VVZ </sic> it_PPH1 through_RP

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their_APPGE feathers_NN2 thus_RR making_VVG them_PPHO2 waterproof_JJ ._.

<note desc="warning written at top of page"> PLEASE_RR DO_VD0 N'T_XX OPEN_VVI FOLDER_NN1 ._. </note>

If_CS you_PPY get_VV0 the_AT exact_JJ right_JJ light_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 Peacock_NP1 's_GE feather_NN1 you_PPY will_VM see_VVI that_CST there_EX are_VBR some_DD 'stress_NN1 bars_NN2 '_GE in_II it_PPH1 ._.

The_AT stress_NN1 bars_NN2 are_VBR caused_VVN by_II changes_NN2 in_II diet_NN1 <note desc="no punctuation"> in_II this_DD1 feather_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dark_JJ purple_JJ colour_NN1 situated_VVN on_II the_AT lower_JJR part_NN1 of_IO the_AT feather_NN1

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<gap desc="imported material">

These_DD2 feathers_NN2 are_VBR all_DB from_II peacocks/peahens_NN2 (_( female_JJ peacocks_NN2 )_) ._. But_CCB I_PPIS1 am_VBM not_XX absolutely_RR sure_JJ about_II the_AT one_PN1 below_RL ,_, I_PPIS1 think_VV0 it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 peahen/peacock_NN1 's_VBZ because_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 <reg> translucent_JJ </reg> part_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ probably_RR used_VVN for_IF displays_NN2 ._.

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Crested_JJ Pigeon_NN1

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Types_NN2

A_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO all_DB the_AT different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO Doves_NN2 and_CC Pigeons_NN2 ._. The_AT Dove_NP1 (_( not_XX to_TO confuse_VVI you_PPY )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 smaller_JJR version_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 pigeon_NN1 although_CS now_RT they_PPHS2 're_VBR about_II the_AT same_DA size_NN1 ._.

DOVES_NN2 (_( LEFT_JJ )_)

no._NN1 1-3_MCMC and_CC 7_MC are_VBR the_AT common_JJ doves_NN2 you_PPY see_VV0 ._. (_( NOT_XX NO.2_FO )_)

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 4-6_MCMC are_VBR the_AT southern_JJ and_CC equatorial_JJ doves_NN2 ._. (_( 4-7_MCMC )_)

no._NN1 8_MC Escapees_NN2 from_II cages_NN2 may_VM be_VBI seen_VVN around_II Turkey_NP1 !_!

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 9-14_MCMC are_VBR N.American_NP1 doves_NN2

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 15_MC is_VBZ an_AT1 African_JJ collared_JJ species_NN ._.

ONE-NAMED_JJ 'COLUMBIDAE'_NP1 (_( MIDDLE_NN1 )_)

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 16_MC ._. The_AT Nicobar_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II the_AT East_ND1 Indies_NP1 <note desc="no punctuation"> it_PPH1 probably_RR comes_VVZ from_II the_AT Nicobar_NP1 Islands_NNL2 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 17_MC ._. The_AT Bronze_NN1 wings_NN2 <sic> comes_VVZ </sic> from_II Australia_NP1 named_VVD after_II <reg> its_APPGE </reg> bronze_NN1 spots_NN2 (_( on_II <reg> its_APPGE </reg> wings_NN2 )_) ._.

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no._NN1 18_MC actually_RR I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI 1_MC1 thing_NN1 about_II it_PPH1 !_!

PIGEONS_NN2 (_( RIGHT_RR )_)

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 1_MC1 and_CC 4_MC are_VBR the_AT commonly_RR ,_, everyday_JJ seen_VVN pigeons_NN2 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 2_MC is_VBZ an_AT1 Australian_JJ pigeon_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 3_MC is_VBZ a_AT1 hot_JJ <sic> countried_JJ </sic> pigeon_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 5_MC is_VBZ a_AT1 N.American_NP1 pigeon_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 6-13_MCMC are_VBR ornamental_JJ birds_NN2 (_( pigeons_NN2 or_CC doves_NN2 )_) ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 14_MC is_VBZ a_AT1 town_NN1 pigeon_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> ._. 15_MC is_VBZ the_AT only_JJ wild_JJ member_NN1 of_IO <reg> its_APPGE </reg> genus_NN1 in_II the_AT U.S._NP1

All_DB of_IO these_DD2 Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 are_VBR descendants_NN2 of_IO the_AT Rock_NN1 Dove_NN1 ,_, except_CS the_AT Barbary_JJ Dove_NN1 and_CC they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX interbreed_VVI ._.

The_AT group_NN1 's_GE Latin_JJ name_NN1 is_VBZ 'COLUMBIDAE'_NP1

The_AT common_JJ bird_NN1 's_GE Latin_JJ names_NN2 are_VBR

STOCK_NN1 DOVE_NN1 -_- COLUMBA_NP1 OENAS_NP2

WOODPIGEON_NP1 -_- <gap desc="ditto mark"> PALUMBUS_NP1

ROCK_NN1 DOVE_NN1 -_- <gap desc="ditto mark"> LIVIA_NP1

COLLARED_VVN DOVE_NN1 -_- STREPTOPELIA_NP1 DECAOCTO_NP1

The_AT Rock_NN1 Doves_NN2 came_VVD to_II the_AT town_NN1 as_CSA their_APPGE natural_JJ habitat_NN1 (_( caves_NN2 and_CC sea_NN1 cliffs_NN2 )_) were_VBDR destroyed_VVN they_PPHS2 thought_VVD the_AT HUGE_JJ buildings_NN2 were_VBDR cliffs_NN2 ._.

The_AT American_JJ 'Ringed_JJ Turtle_NN1 Dove'_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA as_CSA the_AT 'Collared_JJ Dove'_NP1

Doves_NN2 in_RR21 general_RR22 are_VBR thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI more_RRR ,_, kind_RR21 of_RR22 ,_, &quot_FO ;_; <sic> gentler_JJR </sic> &quot_FO ;_; ._.

You_PPY can_VM tell_VVI a_AT1 Woodpigeon_NN1 from_II other_JJ birds_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 <reg> its_APPGE </reg> 4_MC white_JJ bands_NN2 underneath_II <reg> its_APPGE </reg> body_NN1 :_: <gap desc="figure">

You_PPY can_VM see_VVI if_CSW a_AT1 bird_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 Pigeon/Dove_NN1 because_CS when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ flying_VVG it_PPH1 keeps_VVZ <reg> its_APPGE </reg> head_NN1 up_RP and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 silhouette_NN1 of_IO the_AT head_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ like_II this_DD1 :_: <gap desc="figure">

The_AT Pigeons_NN2 look_VV0 like_II this_DD1 :_: <gap desc="figure">

You_PPY can_VM tell_VVI the_AT female_NN1 and_CC male_NN1 apart_RL in_II town_NN1 pigeons_NN2 because_CS the_AT female_NN1 is_VBZ grey_JJ ,_, blue_JJ <reg> with_IW </reg> <reg> iridescent_JJ </reg> blue_JJ ,_, green_JJ ,_, <reg> purple_JJ </reg> neck_NN1 patches_NN2 and_CC the_AT male_NN1 is_VBZ brown_JJ and_CC white_JJ ._.

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<chpb desc="14.">

<gap desc="figure"> -_- 1_MC1 flap_NN1

The_AT flight_NN1 above_RL is_VBZ the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO the_AT Collared_VVN Dove_NP1 's_GE ,_, although_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 <reg> lots_PN </reg> of_IO different_JJ patterns_NN2 ._.

The_AT ornamental_JJ 'Jacobine'_NN1 was_VBDZ Queen_NNB Victoria_NP1 's_GE favourite_JJ pet_NN1 ._.

The_AT 'Collared_JJ Dove'_NP1 sounds_VVZ like_II this_DD1 :_: <sic> 'Cuck-croo-cuk'_JJ </sic> they_PPHS2 say_VV0 this_DD1 repeatedly_RR and_CC in_II flight_NN1 they_PPHS2 also_RR purr_VV0 a_AT1 <sic> 'Tchairr'_NN1 </sic> ._.

The_AT 'Rock_NN1 Dove'_NP1 sounds_VVZ like_II this_DD1 :_: <sic> 'Coo'_VV0 </sic> in_II a_AT1 rolling_JJ deep_JJ voice_NN1 repeatedly_RR ._.

The_AT 'Stock_NN1 Dove'_NP1 sounds_VVZ like_II this_DD1 :_: <sic> 'Coo-oo'_NN1 </sic> ._.

The_AT 'Woodpigeon'_NN1 sounds_VVZ like_II this_DD1 :_: <sic> 'cooooo-coo-coo-coo-coo'_NN1 </sic> ._.

(_( What_DDQ a_AT1 family_NN1 of_IO <sic> cooers_NN2 </sic> !_! )_)

When_CS Elizabeth_NP1 the_AT first_MD came_VVD to_II the_AT throne_NN1 she_PPHS1 discovered_VVD that_CST the_AT English_NN1 did_VDD n't_XX know_VVI how_RRQ to_TO make_VVI gunpowder_NN1 and_CC we_PPIS2 started_VVD off_RP by_II making_VVG 'Guano_NN1 Gunpowder_NN1 !_! '_GE ._.

Charles_NP1 Darwin_NP1 estimated_VVD there_EX were_VBDR 150_MC breeds_NN2 of_IO Pigeon_NN1 (_( all_DB descendants_NN2 of_IO the_AT Rock_NN1 Dove_NN1 )_) at_II the_AT time_NNT1 racing_VVG Pigeons_NN2 started_VVD to_TO evolve_VVI into_II a_AT1 sporting_JJ breed_NN1 ._.

A_ZZ1 Collared_VVD <reg> Dove_NP1 's_GE </reg> egg_NN1 shell_NN1 looks_VVZ like_II this_DD1 :_: <gap desc="imported material">

(_( Not_XX usually_RR crushed_VVN !_! )_)

It_PPH1 is_VBZ 44mm_NNU long_JJ

44mm_NNU /_FO 4.4cm_NNU <gap desc="figure">

The_AT adults_NN2 usually_RR bring_VV0 up_RP a_AT1 'Pigeon_NN1 pair'_NN1 !_!

Squabs_NP1 :_: After_II 17-18_MCMC days_NNT2 they_PPHS2 hatch_VV0 and_CC once_RR newly_RR hatched_VVD they_PPHS2 have_VH0 some_DD yellow_JJ fluffy_JJ down_NN1 ,_, when_CS about_RG 35_MC days_NNT2 old_JJ ,_, with_IW their_APPGE grey_JJ ,_, dull_JJ plumage_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 hatch_VV0 with_IW total_JJ yellow_JJ 'fluff'_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 white_JJ tooth_NN1 ._.

Pictures_NN2

Pg_NP1 :_: 1_MC1 ._. Archangel_NP1

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 11_MC ._. Crested_JJ Pigeon_NN1

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 15_MC ._. <reg> Stock_NP1 Dove_NP1 </reg> ,_, Turtle_NN1 Dove_NN1

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 16_MC ._. Diamond_NN1 Dove_NN1 ,_, Cape_NP1 Dove_NP1 ,_, Bleeding_JJ Heart_NN1 Pigeon_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 17_MC ._. Ground_NN1 Dove_NN1 ,_, Inca_JJ Dove_NN1 ,_, Band-Tailed_JJ Pigeon_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 18_MC ._. White-Winged_JJ Dove_NN1 ,_, Mourning_VVG Dove_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 20_MC and_CC 21_MC ._. Ornamental_JJ Pigeons_NN2

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 26_MC ._. Passenger_NN1 Pigeon_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="ditto mark"> 27_MC ._. Spotted_JJ Dove_NN1 and_CC Palm_NN1 Dove_NN1 ._.

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Stockdove_VV0

<gap desc="figure">

Turtle_NN1 Dove_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

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<chpb desc="16.">

<gap desc="figure">

Diamond_NN1 Dove_NN1 (_( <gap desc="colour key"> -_- Blue_JJ ,_, grey_JJ colour_NN1 ._. )_)

<gap desc="figure">

Cape_NP1 Dove_NP1

<gap desc="figure">

Bleeding-heart_JJ Pigeon_NN1 ._.

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<chpb desc="17.">

Ground_NN1 Dove_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

Inca_JJ Dove_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

Band-tailed_JJ Pigeon_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

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<chpb desc="18.">

<gap desc="figure">

White-winged_JJ Dove_NN1

Mourning_VVG Dove_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

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Ornamental_JJ Pigeons_NN2

Ornamental_JJ Pigeons_NN2 are_VBR amongst_II the_AT greatest_JJT looking_VVG birds_NN2 ._.

At_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT <reg> messenger_NN1 </reg> Pigeons_NN2 they_PPHS2 became_VVD popular_JJ on_II the_AT show_NN1 bench_NN1 ._. Especially_RR the_AT Fantail_NN1 Dove/Pigeon_NN1 and_CC Archangel_NP1 breed_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 're_VBR much_RR the_AT most_RGT popular_JJ of_IO the_AT 8+_FO breeds_NN2 ,_, (_( shown_VVN across_II the_AT page_NN1 )_) ._. The_AT governing_JJ body_NN1 in_II the_AT U.K._NP1 is_VBZ called_VVN the_AT N.ational_NP1 ._. P.igeon_NP1 A.ssociation_NP1 also_RR there_EX are_VBR clubs_NN2 for_IF different_JJ breeds_NN2 ._.

In_II Harrogate_NP1 and_CC London_NP1 there_EX are_VBR big_JJ shows_NN2 held_VVN and_CC also_RR there_EX are_VBR journals_NN2 called_VVN 'Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Pigeon_NN1 World'_NP1 and_CC 'Fur_NN1 and_CC Feather'_NP1 ._. There_EX are_VBR two_MC main_JJ categories_NN2 in_II shows_NN2 :_: the_AT long_JJ faces_NN2 and_CC short_JJ faces_NN2 ._.

OWL_NN1

One_PN1 well_RR known_VVN short-faced_JJ breed_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT Owl_NN1 from_II Tunis_NP1 ,_, Tunisia_NP1 ,_, N.Africa_NP1 with_IW its_APPGE oriental_JJ frill_NN1 ._.

Fantail_VV0 ._.

'Croppers_NN2 '_GE breed_NN1 big_JJ breasted_JJ birds_NN2 like_II the_AT 'Holle'_NN1 from_II the_AT Netherlands_NP1 "_" it_PPH1 's_VBZ like_II a_AT1 round_JJ white_JJ ball_NN1 on_II legs_NN2 "_" ._.

One_MC1 of_IO the_AT earliest_JJT dates_NN2 known_VVN of_IO the_AT 'Fantail'_JJ breed_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II the_AT C17th_FO ._.

Dr._NNB Richard_NP1 Armstrong_NP1 said_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 shared_VVD the_AT glories_NN2 of_IO the_AT marble_NN1 palace_NN1 with_IW Shah_NP1 Jehan_NP1 and_CC the_AT White_NP1 Peacock_NP1 and_CC the_AT White_JJ elephant_NN1 ._.

Now_RT it_PPH1 's_VBZ the_AT very_RG popular_JJ Fantail_NN1 Pigeon_NN1 from_II long_RR ago_RA introduced_VVD to_II Britain_NP1 from_II the_AT 1600_MC221 's_MC222 ._.

ARCHANGEL_NP1 ._.

<note desc="poem written by Updike - convert to gap?">

'Onyx_VV0 and_CC split_JJ cedar_NN1 and_CC bronze_NN1 vessels_NN2 lowered_VVN into_II still_JJ water_NN1 :_: these_DD2 things_NN2 I_PPIS1 offer_VV0 ._. Porphyry_NN1 ,_, teakwood_NN1 ,_, jasmine_NN1 and_CC myrrh_NN1 :_: these_DD2 gifts_NN2 I_PPIS1 bring_VV0 ._. The_AT sheen_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE sandals_NN2 is_VBZ dulled_VVN by_II the_AT dust_NN1 of_IO cloves_NN2 ._. My_APPGE wings_NN2 are_VBR waxed_VVN with_IW nectar_NN1 ._. My_APPGE eyes_NN2 are_VBR diamonds_NN2 in_II whose_DDQGE facets_NN2 red_JJ gold_NN1 is_VBZ mirrored_VVN ._. My_APPGE face_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 mask_NN1 of_IO ivory_NN1 :_: Love_VV0 me_PPIO1 ._.

Listen_VV0 to_II my_APPGE promises_NN2 :_:

Cold_JJ water_NN1 will_VM drip_VVI from_II the_AT intricately_RR chased_VVN designs_NN2 of_IO the_AT bronzed_JJ vessels_NN2 ._. Thick-lipped_JJ urns_NN2 will_VM sweat_VVI in_II the_AT fragrant_JJ cellars_NN2 ._. The_AT orchards_NN2 never_RR weary_JJ of_IO bearing_VVG on_II my_APPGE islands_NN2 ._. The_AT very_JJ leaves_NN2 give_VV0 nourishment_NN1 ._. The_AT banked_JJ branches_NN2 never_RR crowd_VV0 the_AT paths_NN2 ._. The_AT grape_NN1 vines_NN2 will_VM grow_VVI unattended_JJ ._. The_AT very_JJ seeds_NN2 of_IO the_AT berries_NN2 are_VBR sweet_JJ nuts_NN2 ._. Why_RRQ do_VD0 you_PPY smile_VVI ?_? Have_VH0 you_PPY never_RR been_VBN hungry_JJ ?_? '_"

The_AT blank_JJ verse_NN1 poem_NN1 goes_VVZ on_RP ,_, it_PPH1 's_VBZ written_VVN by_II John_NP1 Updike_NP1 'Pigeon_NN1 Feathers''_NP1 ,_, page_NN1 169+_FO ._.

The_AT Archangel_NP1 's_GE bronze_NN1 coloured_VVN with_IW black_JJ markings_NN2 ._. It_PPH1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW gentle_JJ ,_, bronze_NN1 ,_, yellow_JJ and_CC peace_NN1 ._.

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<chpb desc="20.">

<gap desc="figure"> fantail_VV0

<gap desc="figure"> Pouter_NN1

<gap desc="figure"> Blue_JJ Tumbler_NN1

<gap desc="figure"> Archangel_NP1

<gap desc="figure"> Owl_NN1

<gap desc="figure"> Jacobine_VV0

<gap desc="figure"> Magpie_NN1

<gap desc="figure"> Tur-Bit_NN1

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<chpb desc="21.">

IMAGINED_JJ DRAWINGS_NN2 BASED_VVN ON_II DESCRIPTION_NN1

<note desc="marginal note written sideways"> (_( ALL_DB THIS_DD1 DESCRIPTION_NN1 COMES_VVZ FROM_II 'THE_NP1 PUBLIC_JJ LIFE_NN1 OF_IO THE_AT STREET_NN1 PIGEON'_NN1 BY_II ERIC_NP1 SIMMS_NP2 ._. )_) </note>

HOLLE_NP1 CROPPER_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

'Holle_NN1 cropper_NN1 from_II the_AT Netherlands_NP1 looks_VVZ like_II a_AT1 round_JJ white_JJ ball_NN1 on_II legs_NN2 '_GE ._.

Lots_PN of_IO fancy_JJ Pigeon_NN1 breeds_NN2 ,_, mostly_RR the_AT 'short-faced'_JJ ones_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN bred_VVN for_IF 'looks_NN2 '_GE ,_, causing_VVG difficulties_NN2 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ life_NN1 ,_, like_II feeding_VVG their_APPGE young_JJ ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 of_IO the_AT abnormalities_NN2 of_IO the_AT skull_NN1 ,_, weight_NN1 (_( maybe_RR crushing_VVG the_AT eggs_NN2 before_CS they_PPHS2 hatch_VV0 )_) and_CC the_AT crop_NN1 ._.

MODENA_NP1

<gap desc="figure">

'Perhaps_VVZ the_AT most_RGT popular_JJ of_IO the_AT exhibition_NN1 Pigeons_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT Modena_NP1 from_II Italy_NP1 -_- portly_JJ with_IW broad_JJ chest_NN1 ,_, head_NN1 held_VVD high_JJ and_CC tail_NN1 pointed_VVD upwards_RL ._. '_"

MUFFED_JJ TUMBLER_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

'There_NN1 are_VBR also_RR exhibition_NN1 tumblers_NN2 which_DDQ do_VD0 not_XX tumble_VVI and_CC others_NN2 which_DDQ do_VD0 ;_; their_APPGE heads_NN2 are_VBR wide_JJ and_CC round_RP with_IW full_JJ cheeks_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 fine_JJ cere_NN1 ._. The_AT exhibition_NN1 tumblers_NN2 include_VV0 the_AT self_NN1 ,_, the_AT beard_NN1 the_AT mottle_NN1 and_CC the_AT rosewing_NN1 ._. The_AT muffed_JJ tumbler_NN1 carries_VVZ long_RR cumbersome_JJ feathers_NN2 on_II the_AT leg'_NN1 ._.

SHORT-FACED_JJ TUMBLER_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

'The_VV0 Turbit_NP1 ,_, the_AT Short-Faced_JJ Tumbler_NN1 and_CC the_AT Barb_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE fleshy_JJ beak_NN1 ,_, jowl_VV0 wattles_NN2 and_CC eye_NN1 ceres_NN2 '_GE ._.

NUN_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

'Then_NN1 are_VBR the_AT Nun_NN1 ,_, dark-headed_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 shell-like_JJ hood_NN1 formed_VVN from_II reverse_JJ growth_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE feathers_NN2 '_GE ._.

DRAGON_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

'The_VV0 very_RG hardy_JJ and_CC strong_JJ Dragon_NN1 looks_VVZ rather_RR like_II a_AT1 Wild_JJ Rock_NN1 Dove_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 large_JJ cere'_NN1 ._.

RUSSIAN_JJ TRUMPETER_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

'The_VV0 Russian_JJ Trumpeter_NP1 carries_VVZ a_AT1 rose-pattern_NN1 of_IO feathers_NN2 on_II31 top_II32 of_II33 its_APPGE head_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 large_JJ fan_NN1 of_IO feathers_NN2 spreading_VVG out_RP and_CC curving_VVG backwards_RL from_II each_DD1 leg_NN1 ._. '_"

Also_RR there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 varieties_NN2 ,_, lots_PN rare_JJ ,_, mostly_RR descendants_NN2 of_IO breeds_NN2 from_II (_( imported_JJ )_) the_AT Continent_NN1 ._.

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<chpb desc="22.">

History_NN1

Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN in_II so_RG many_DA2 ways_NN2 :_: Pigeons_NN2 for_IF thought_NN1 ,_, Pablo_NP1 Pigeon/Picasso_FO ,_, Pigeon_NN1 weapons_NN2 and_CC LOTS_PN more_RRR ._.

DOVES_NN2 AND_CC PIGEONS_NN2 IN_II MYTHS_NN2 AND_CC LEGENDS_NN2 :_:

DOVES_NN2 :_: In_II paintings_NN2 the_AT Dove_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II a_AT1 symbol_NN1 of_IO the_AT Holy_JJ Ghost_NN1 usually_RR above_II someone_PN1 's_GE head_NN1 showing_VVG the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO God_NP1 ._. (_( It_PPH1 is_VBZ always_RR a_AT1 White_JJ Dove_NN1 ._. )_)

Doves_NN2 and_CC Pigeons_NN2 were_VBDR prominent_JJ in_II 'Aphrodite_NN1 's_GE shrines_NN2 ._.

Athene_NP1 's_GE emblem_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 Dove_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 olive_JJ branch_NN1 in_II <reg> its_APPGE </reg> beak_NN1 ._.

The_AT Dove_NN1 was_VBDZ sacred_JJ to_II 'Adonis_NN1 '_GE and_CC Bacchus_NP1 ._.

'Virgil'_VV0 (_( in_II 'The_NN1 Aeneid'_NP1 )_) describes_VVZ how_RRQ two_MC Doves_NN2 led_VVD 'Aeneas_NN2 '_GE to_II the_AT dull_JJ vale_NN1 where_CS the_AT 'Golden_NN1 Bough'_NP1 grew_VVD ,_, on_II a_AT1 tree_NN1 whence_RRQ shone_VVD a_AT1 flickering_JJ gleam_NN1 of_IO gold_NN1 ._.

The_AT Goddess_NN1 'Ishtar'_NN1 chose_VVD a_AT1 Dove_NN1 as_CSA her_APPGE <reg> messenger_NN1 </reg> in_II the_AT Babylonian_JJ 'Flood-myth'_NN1 ._. (_( This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 detail_NN1 of_IO the_AT Hebrew_JJ version_NN1 of_IO 'Noah_NN1 and_CC the_AT Ark'_NP1 where_CS the_AT Dove_NN1 is_VBZ sent_VVN to_TO see_VVI if_CSW there_EX is_VBZ dry_JJ land_NN1 ..._...

In_II a_AT1 modern_JJ Greek_JJ tale_NN1 a_AT1 magician_NN1 's_GE life_NN1 bound_VVD up_RP with_IW 3_MC Doves_NN2 in_II the_AT belly_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 wild_JJ boar_NN1 when_CS the_AT first_MD is_VBZ killed_VVN the_AT boar_NN1 grows_VVZ ill_JJ ;_; when_CS the_AT second_MD dies_VVZ he_PPHS1 gets_VVZ worse_JJR ;_; then_RT he_PPHS1 dies_VVZ when_RRQ the_AT third_MD is_VBZ killed_VVN ._. The_AT Dove_NN1 in_II this_DD1 tale_NN1 represents_VVZ his_APPGE (_( <reg> magicians_NN2 '_GE </reg> )_) external_JJ soul_NN1 ._.

The_AT Dove_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 symbol_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 purified_JJ soul_NN1 ;_; the_AT raven_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO sin_NN1 ._. Seven_MC Doves_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 symbol_NN1 of_IO the_AT seven_MC gifts_NN2 of_IO the_AT spirit_NN1 ._. A_AT1 flock_NN1 of_IO Doves_NN2 shows_VVZ the_AT faithful_JJ ;_; just_RR like_II White_JJ Doves_NN2 being_VBG released_VVN at_II a_AT1 wedding_NN1 ._.

SHOOTING_NN1 :_:

Passenger_NN1 Pigeons_NN2 are_VBR now_RT extinct_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN shot_VVN ,_, eaten_VVN and_CC caught_VVD ._.

Eating_NN1 :_: One_MC1 person_NN1 named_VVD Mr._NNB Cox_NP1 used_VMK to_TO catch_VVI 500_MC at_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 in_II nets_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 were_VBDR so_RG popular_JJ and_CC many_DA2 in_II 19th_MD century_NNT1 ;_; Mr.Cox_NP1 sold_VVD them_PPHO2 from_II 6-10_MCMC cents_NNU2 per_II dozen_NNO ,_, he_PPHS1 also_RR took_VVD even_RR bigger_JJR numbers_NN2 ,_, put_VV0 them_PPHO2 in_II a_AT1 cage_NN1 and_CC fed_VVD them_PPHO2 with_IW boiled_JJ and_CC salted_JJ wheat_NN1 ._. After_CS a_AT1 month_NNT1 their_APPGE

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<chpb desc="23.">

breasts_NN2 became_VVD light-coloured_JJ and_CC then_RT <sic> demanding_VVG </sic> a_AT1 doubled_JJ 12-20_MCMC cents_NNU2 a_AT1 dozen_NNO ;_; as_II the_AT meat_NN1 was_VBDZ so_RG much_DA1 <sic> tenderer_JJR </sic> and_CC better_RRR ._.

There_RL also_RR ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, were_VBDR other_JJ ways_NN2 that_CST you_PPY could_VM treat_VVI the_AT meat_NN1 as_CSA this_DD1 way_NN1 :_: to_II salt_NN1 the_AT Pigeon_NN1 and_CC freshen_VV0 it_PPH1 over_II night_NNT1 in_II sweet_JJ water_NN1 ._.

Hogs_NN2 also_RR were_VBDR fed_VVN Pigeons_NN2 in_II large_JJ quantities_NN2 ._.

Woodpigeons_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR used_VVN for_IF Pigeon_NN1 pie_NN1 ;_; I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI how_RRQ they_PPHS2 cooked_VVD it_PPH1 but_CCB honestly_RR I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX want_VVI to_TO !_!

Feathers_NN2 :_: The_AT Passenger_NN1 Pigeon_NN1 's_GE feathers_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN for_IF bedding_NN1 ;_; an_AT1 untrue/failed_JJ experiment_NN1 told_VVD some_DD years_NNT2 ago_RA that_CST a_AT1 person_NN1 would_VM never_RR die_VVI on_II a_AT1 bed_NN1 made_VVN out_II21 of_II22 Pigeon_NN1 feathers_NN2 ._.

Shooting_VVG as_II a_AT1 sport_NN1 :_: People_NN do_VD0 shooting_NN1 as_II a_AT1 sport_NN1 and_CC also_RR used_VMK to_TO do_VDI it_PPH1 for_IF 'Pest_JJT control'_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 also_RR used_VMK to_TO be_VBI poisoned_VVN and_CC one_MC1 couple_NN1 used_VMK to_TO go_VVI and_CC see_VVI them_PPHO2 die_VVI once_CS they_PPHS2 'd_VHD been_VBN poisoned_VVN ._. Clay_NN1 Pigeon_NN1 shooting_NN1 is_VBZ where_RRQ an_AT1 electrical_JJ machine_NN1 shoots_VVZ clay_NN1 discs_NN2 at_II different_JJ heights_NN2 and_CC speeds_VVZ while_CS someone_PN1 stands_VVZ in_II a_AT1 certain_JJ place_NN1 with_IW headphones_NN2 and_CC shoots_VVZ at_II <sic> it_PPH1 </sic> ._. Also_RR a_AT1 very_RG sad_JJ story_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO the_AT one_PN1 about_II a_AT1 Pigeon_NN1 shot_VVD down_RP with_IW a_AT1 message_NN1 saying_VVG "_" mother_NN1 is_VBZ dead_JJ "_" in_II London_NP1 :_:

The_AT young_JJ sportsman_NN1 was_VBDZ very_RG proud_JJ and_CC not_XX caring_VVG about_II the_AT message_NN1 but_CCB much_RR pleased_JJ about_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST he_PPHS1 'd_VHD shot_VVN the_AT passing_JJ <reg> messenger_NN1 </reg> Pigeon_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT message_NN1 tied_VVN to_II <reg> its_APPGE </reg> wing_NN1 ,_, in_II Hampstead_NP1 Marsh_NP1 ._.

<note desc="marginal note"> Do_VD0 n't_XX bother_VVI trying_VVG to_TO understand_VVI this_DD1 (_( explained_VVN here_RL !_! )_) </note>

The_AT original_JJ <reg> birds_NN2 </reg> to_TO <sic> fly_VVI 's_VBZ </sic> to_II Pigeons_NN2 are_VBR the_AT <reg> kestrels_NN2 </reg> <note desc="no punctuation"> peregrine_NN1 <reg> falcons_NN2 </reg> and_CC <reg> kites_NN2 </reg> because_CS they_PPHS2 used_VMK to_TO eat_VVI and_CC keep_VVI down_RP the_AT number_NN1 of_IO domesticated_JJ Pigeons_NN2 but_CCB because_II21 of_II22 the_AT 2nd_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN shot_VVN in_II fear_NN1 of_IO taking_VVG the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO <reg> messenger_NN1 </reg> Pigeons_NN2 with_IW messages_NN2 ._.

Also_RR the_AT Pigeons_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN shot_VVN if_CS a_AT1 German_NN1 saw_VVD <sic> it_PPH1 </sic> ._.

Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Dove_NN1 in_II Art_NP1 :_:

Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 in_II Art_NN1 as_CSA I_PPIS1 've_VH0 said_VVN before_II the_AT White_JJ Dove_NN1 represents_VVZ the_AT Holy_JJ Ghost_NN1 (_( or_CC presence_NN1 of_IO God_NP1 )_) ._.

Lots_PN of_IO famous_JJ painters_NN2 painted_VVN scenes_NN2 of_IO angels_NN2 ,_, Mary_NP1 and_CC Joseph_NP1 ..._... with_IW Doves_NN2 above_II them_PPHO2 ._.

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<chpb desc="24.">

Also_RR at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT 1st_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 Pablo_NP1 Picasso_NP1 painted_VVD a_AT1 poster_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 White_JJ Dove_NN1 representing_VVG peace_NN1 which_DDQ originally_RR came_VVD from_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 pair_VV0 for_IF life_NN1 ._.

Escher_NP1 (_( a_AT1 tesselation_NN1 ,_, geometrical_JJ srtist_NN1 )_) drew_VVD a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO Pigeons/Doves_NN2 in_II his_APPGE pictures_NN2 ._.

This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 section_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 of_IO Escher_NP1 's_GE pictures_NN2 ._.

<gap desc="figure">

Weapon_NN1 Pigeons_NN2 :_:

The_AT 'pelican_NN1 missile'_NN1 used_VVD three_MC Pigeons_NN2 to_TO target_VVI somethng_NN1 like_II a_AT1 ship_NN1 ._. (_( All_DB especially_RR trained_VVN )_) ._.

<gap desc="figure">

The_AT Pigeons_NN2 pecked_VVD at_II a_AT1 target_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD been_VBN shown_VVN and_CC related_VVD it_PPH1 to_II the_AT real_JJ thing_NN1 ,_, steering_VVG the_AT missile_NN1 ._.

Winkie_NN1 was_VBDZ awarded_VVN a_AT1 Dicken_JJ medal_NN1 for_IF delivering_VVG a_AT1 message_NN1 from_II a_AT1 Bristol_NP1 Beaufort_NP1 that_CST had_VHD crashed_VVN 120_MC miles_NNU2 out_RP in_II the_AT N.Sea_NP1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ oily_JJ and_CC bedraggled_JJ but_CCB got_VVD the_AT crew_NN1 a_AT1 trophy_NN1 !_! Ships_NN2 were_VBDR designed_VVN with_IW flaps_NN2 about_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 hand_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 Pigeon_NN1 to_TO go_VVI through_RP with_IW messages_NN2 ._.

In_II Brussels_NP1 and_CC Lille_NP1 monuments_NN2 were_VBDR raised_VVN in_II Pigeons_NN2 '_GE honour_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 provided_VVD such_DA help_NN1 and_CC value_NN1 in_II both_DB2 world_NN1 wars_NN2 ._.

In_II the_AT U.S.A_NP1 a_AT1 few_DA2 of_IO the_AT Pigeon_NN1 heroes_NN2 were_VBDR stuffed_VVN and_CC displayed_VVN at_II the_AT Army_NN1 Signal_NN1 Corps_NN Museum_NN1 and_CC the_AT National_JJ Museum_NN1 ._.

Private_JJ breeders_NN2 supplied_VVD 200,000_MC Pigeons_NN2 to_II the_AT British_JJ Armed_JJ Services_NN2 in_II the_AT 2nd_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 and_CC 50,000_MC were_VBDR bred_VVN in_II the_AT U.S.A_NP1 by_II the_AT U.S.Army_NP1 ._. About17,000_FO were_VBDR parachuted_VVN to_II the_AT <reg> German-occupied_JJ </reg> Europe_NP1 Resistance_NN1 people_NN ,_, 2000_MC returned_VVD mainly_RR to_II the_AT top_JJ storey_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 large_JJ department_NN1 store_NN1 in_II London_NP1 's_GE Oxford_NP1 Street_NNL1 ._.

In_CS21 case_CS22 people_NN ditched_VVD their_APPGE planes_NN2 in_II the_AT N.Sea_NP1 they_PPHS2 always_RR took_VVD 2_MC

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Pigeons_NN2 aboard_RL ._.

<chpb desc="25.">

Also_RR guano_NN1 gunpowder_NN1 :_: was_VBDZ the_AT secret_NN1 of_IO the_AT gunpowder_NN1 ingredients_NN2 ._. Guano_NN1 is_VBZ Pigeon_NN1 droppings_NN2 and_CC Elizabeth_NP1 the_AT 1st_MD came_VVD to_II the_AT throne_NN1 discovering_VVG that_CST the_AT English_NN1 did_VDD n't_XX know_VVI how_RRQ to_TO make_VVI gunpowder_NN1 ._. Then_RT she_PPHS1 got_VVD a_AT1 German_JJ Captain_NN1 to_TO come_VVI to_II England_NP1 to_TO teach_VVI them/us_FO !_! People_NN started_VVD to_TO stock_VVI up_RP on_II Pigeons_NN2 making_VVG Warehouses_NN2 full_JJ of_IO Pigeon_NN1 and_CC Doves_NN2 making_VVG the_AT 'guano'_NN1 (_( bird_NN1 droppings_NN2 )_) ._.

Uses_NN2 of_IO Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 ._.

Pathfinder_NN1 (_( 2_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ )_) was_VBDZ the_AT first_MD racing_JJ <sic> Pigeons_NN2 </sic> to_TO deliver_VVI blood_NN1 samples_NN2 ,_, his_PPGE ,_, her_PPHO1 (_( its_APPGE )_) first_MD test_NN1 flight_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II Devon_NP1 ._.

Pigeons_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN to_TO take_VVI aerial_JJ photos_NN2 of_IO streets_NN2 ._. Cameras_NN2 strapped_VVN to_II the_AT Pigeons_NN2 '_GE breasts_NN2 took_VVD pictures_NN2 when_RRQ the_AT birds_NN2 flew_VVD through_II streets_NN2 ._.

They_PPHS2 've_VH0 helped_VVN to_TO make_VVI people_NN and_CC scientists_NN2 understand_VV0 birds_NN2 '_GE navigation_NN1 ._. One_MC1 test_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO put_VVI a_AT1 <note desc="warning message embedded in mid-sentence"> WARNING_NN1 :_: (_( another_DD1 'health_NN1 warning'_NN1 )_) IF_CS YOU_PPY 'RE_VBR A_RR21 BIT_RR22 'SQUEAMISH'_JJ SKIP_NN1 TO_II THE_AT NEXT_MD PARAGRAPH_NN1 !_! !_! !_! </note> frosted_VVD ,_, opaque_JJ contact_NN1 <reg> lens_NN1 </reg> made_VVN from_II gelatin_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ fitted_VVN especially_RR to_II the_AT Pigeon_NN1 's_GE eye_NN1 ,_, then_RT after_CS <sic> released_VVN </sic> it_PPH1 dissolves_VVZ 80_MC miles_NNU2 from_II home_NN1 ._. This_DD1 has_VHZ proved_VVN that_CST Pigeons_NN2 only_RR need_VV0 their_APPGE vision_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE actual_JJ landing_NN1 and_CC not_XX so_RG much_DA1 for_IF spotting_VVG land_NN1 marks_NN2 ._. <gap desc="figure">

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<gap desc="imported material">

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<chpb desc="26.">

<gap desc="figure">

Passenger_NN1 Pigeon_NN1

(_( Extinct_JJ )_)

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<chpb desc="27.">

Spotted_JJ Dove_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

Palm_NN1 Dove_NN1

<gap desc="figure">

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<chpb desc="28.">

<gap desc="figure"> Facts_NN2

I_PPIS1 must_VM warn_VVI you_PPY that_CST these_DD2 facts_NN2 are_VBR not_XX in_II order_NN1 !_! They_PPHS2 also_RR are_VBR about_II every_AT1 bird_NN1 ._.

1_MC1 ._. African_JJ <UNCLEAR>_FO Bustards_NN2 and_CC the_AT Mute_JJ <reg> Swans_NN2 </reg> are_VBR the_AT heaviest_JJT flying_JJ birds_NN2 weighing_VVG up_RG21 to_RG22 18kg_NNU ._.

2_MC ._. The_AT Cuban_JJ Bee_NN1 Hummingbird_NP1 weighs_VVZ less_RR21 than_RR22 2g_NNU and_CC is_VBZ about_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 teabag_NN1 ._. <gap desc="figure">

3_MC ._. There_EX are_VBR round_RP about_II a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 100,000,000,000_MC birds_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. <gap desc="figure">

4_MC ._. Arctic_JJ terns_NN2 migrate_VV0 from_II one_MC1 end_NN1 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 to_II another_DD1 (_( further_RRR than_CSN any_DD other_JJ bird_NN1 )_) ._. <gap desc="figure">

5_MC ._. In_II the_AT U.K._NP1 the_AT smallest_JJT bird_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 Goldcrest_NP1 weighing_VVG 5.7g_NNU and_CC 9cm_NNU long_JJ (_( about_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 computer_NN1 disc_NN1 )_) ._.

<gap desc="figure"> Please_RR do_VD0 n't_XX insert_VVI me_PPIO1 !_!

6_MC ._. Ostriches_NN2 are_VBR the_AT largest_JJT birds_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. Weighing_VVG 104kg_NNU and_CC taller_JJR than_CSN a_AT1 minibus_NN1 at_II 2.74_MC metres_NNU2 ._.

<gap desc="figure"> I_PPIS1 ca_VM n't_XX even_RR hitch_VVI a_AT1 lift_NN1 nowadays_RT !_!

7_MC ._. Near_II Woods_NP1 ,_, water_NN1 and_CC seasides_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 good_JJ place_NN1 to_TO see_VVI birds_NN2 ._.

<gap desc="figure"> <sic> Oi_UH </sic> ,_, you_PPY 're_VBR looking_VVG the_AT wrong_JJ way_NN1

8_MC ._. <reg> Kiwis_NN2 </reg> (_( from_II New_NP1 Zealand_NP1 )_) can_VM lay_VVI eggs_NN2 up_RG21 to_RG22 1_MC1 <reg> quarter_NN1 </reg> of_IO the_AT size_NN1 of_IO <reg> its_APPGE </reg> own_DA body_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="figure"> That_DD1 's_VBZ just_RR for_IF incubating_VVG 1_MC1 egg_NN1 !_!

9_MC ._. Doves_NN2 (_( Collared_VVN )_) often_RR like_VV0 to_TO sit_VVI on_II lamp-posts_NN2 ,_, <reg> aerials_NN2 </reg> and_CC <reg> chimneys_NN2 </reg> and_CC <reg> rooves_NN2 </reg> ._.

<gap desc="figure">

10_MC ._. Usually_RR Wrens_NP2 are_VBR the_AT most_RGT common_JJ birds_NN2 in_II the_AT U.K._NP1

<gap desc="figure"> Common_JJ People_NN !_!

11._MC 5_MC elevenths_MF out_II21 of_II22 550_MC (_( 250_MC )_) is_VBZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO birds_NN2 that_CST are_VBR regular_JJ birds_NN2 in_II the_AT U.K._NP1 Out_II21 of_II22 550_MC ,_, 300_MC are_VBR non-U.K._NP1 <sic> lives_VVZ </sic> ._. 550_MC (_( by_II the_AT way_NN1 )_) is_VBZ sighted_VVN species_NN in_II the_AT U.K._NP1 Are_VBR you_PPY still_RR with_IW me_PPIO1 ?_?

<gap desc="figure">

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<chpb desc="29.">

12_MC ._. Feet_NN2 and_CC toes_NN2 :_:

two_MC toes_NN2 pointing_VVG forwards_RL and_CC back_NN1 -_- Gripping_JJ ._.

Webbed_JJ -_- Swimming_VVG ._.

Long_JJ toes_NN2 -_- Slip_VV0 proof_NN1 ._.

Sharp_NP1 clawed_VVD -_- Gripping_VVG onto_II vertical_JJ surfaces_NN2

<gap desc="figure">

13_MC ._. The_AT Quetzal_NNU1 (_( a_AT1 precious_JJ bird_NN1 from_II the_AT cloud_NN1 forests_NN2 )_) was_VBDZ an_AT1 important_JJ bird_NN1 to_II the_AT Aztecs_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 used_VVD the_AT long_JJ tail_NN1 feathers_NN2 of_IO the_AT male_JJ bird_NN1 for_IF headdresses_NN2 ,_, clothes_NN2 and_CC shield_VV0 decorations_NN2 ._.

Quetzalcoatl_NN1 means_VVZ the_AT 'feathered_JJ serpent'_NN1 (_( in_II <sic> Azteconian_JJ </sic> of_RR21 course_RR22 !_! )_) he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ the_AT God_NN1 that_CST the_AT Aztecs_NN2 believed_VVD in_RP and_CC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ said_VVN to_TO have_VHI returned_VVN and_CC helped_VVD Cortes_NP1 (_( the_AT Spanish_JJ persuader_NN1 )_) persuade_VV0 the_AT Aztecs_NN2 to_II hand_NN1 over_II the_AT land_NN1 ._.

So_RR that_CST ended_VVD up_RP with_IW the_AT Aztec_JJ time_NNT1 lasting_VVG 4_MC centuries_NNT2 1200-1500_MCMC ._. These_DD2 fascinating_JJ birds_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 clever_JJ way_NN1 of_IO not_XX being_VBG eaten_VVN by_II predators_NN2 :_: they_PPHS2 either_RR make_VV0 a_AT1 hole_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA or_CC use_VV0 an_AT1 old_JJ <reg> woodpecker_NN1 's_VBZ </reg> ,_, they_PPHS2 each_DD1 take_NN1 turns_VVZ incubating_VVG the_AT eggs_NN2 ._. The_AT male_NN1 turns_VVZ over_RP and_CC makes_VVZ his_APPGE tail_NN1 look_VVI like_II a_AT1 fern_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="figure">

14_MC ._. The_AT Azure-rumped_JJ robin_NN1 thrush_NN1 has_VHZ only_RR been_VBN seen_VVN once_RR in_II the_AT last_MD 50_MC years_NNT2 in_II the_AT cloud_NN1 forest_NN1 in_II Mexico_NP1 ._. <gap desc="figure">

WALK_VV0 THIS_DD1 WAY_NN1

15_MC ._. Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 use_VV0 their_APPGE fan-shaped_JJ tail_NN1 to_TO brake_VVI as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR landing_VVG ._. Pigeons_NN2 and_CC Doves_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX got_VVN many_DA2 other_JJ enemies_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE size_NN1 Seagulls_NP2 and_CC Magpies_NN2 are_VBR the_AT only_JJ ones_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 're_VBR afraid_JJ of_IO ._.

The_AT fan_NN1 tail_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR folded_VVN up_RP into_II a_AT1 <gap desc="figure"> shape_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ n't_XX used_VVN unless_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ being_VBG used_VVN for_IF displays_NN2 ._. <gap desc="figure">

16_MC ._. Peregrine_NN1 falcons_NN2 in_II the_AT 2nd_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 were_VBDR shot_VVN because_CS they_PPHS2 ate_VVD the_AT <reg> messenger_NN1 </reg> pigeons_NN2 so_RR now_RT they_PPHS2 are_VBR rare_JJ ._. <gap desc="figure"> Also_RR pigeons_NN2 <reg> were_VBDR </reg> used_VVN to_TO peck_VVI at_II 3_MC holes_NN2 to_TO guide_VVI missiles_NN2 on_II21 to_II22 targets_NN2 ._.

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<chpb desc="30.">

17._MC 'Hob'_NN1 (_( a_AT1 Pregrine_JJ falcon_NN1 )_) once_RR asked_VVD his_APPGE owner_NN1 for_IF help_NN1 to_TO catch_VVI a_AT1 pheasant_NN1 and_CC once_RR he_PPHS1 followed_VVD his_APPGE owner_NN1 's_GE car_NN1 in_II heavy_JJ traffic_NN1 when_CS he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ lost_VVN !_!

<gap desc="figure">

Thanks_NN2

18_MC ._. One_MC1 scientist_NN1 (_( B.F.Skinner_NP1 )_) <sic> tested_VVD </sic> pigeons_NN2 to_TO tap_VVI in_II the_AT right_JJ sequences_NN2 of_IO buttons_NN2 to_TO get_VVI food_NN1 while_CS another_DD1 taught_JJ pigeons_NN2 to_TO tap_VVI at_II lights_NN2 to_TO get_VVI food_NN1 ._.

Another_DD1 scientist_NN1 (_( W.H.Thorpe_NP1 )_) proved_VVD that_CST Chaffinches_NP1 learnt_VVD their_APPGE song_NN1 from_II their_APPGE 'elders_NN2 '_GE by_II rearing_VVG two_MC up_RP <reg> separately_RR </reg> ._.

<gap desc="figure">

EXAM_NN1 :_:

19_MC ._. One_MC1 photographer_NN1 (_( Robert_NP1 Gross_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ photographing_VVG Kingfishers_NN2 and_CC he_PPHS1 noticed_VVD Robins_NP1 always_RR came_VVD to_TO 'observe'_VVI the_AT <reg> Kingfishers_NN2 '_GE </reg> technique_NN1 ._.

When_CS the_AT Kingfisher_NN1 left_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD a_AT1 go_NN1 ,_, not_XX quite_RR getting_VVG at_II <reg> its_APPGE </reg> best_JJT but_CCB soon_RR they_PPHS2 learnt_VVD from_II their_APPGE mistakes_NN2 ._.

<gap desc="figure">

FISH_NN MONGERS_NN2

20_MC ._. <reg> Jays_NN2 </reg> sometimes_RT 'ant'_VV0 themselves_PPX2 by_II letting_VVG ants_NN2 crawl_VVI all_RR over_II <sic> it_PPH1 's_VBZ </sic> plumage_NN1 ,_, the_AT ant_NN1 releases_VVZ <gap desc="figure"> poisonous_JJ formic_JJ acid_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 helps_VVZ the_AT Jay_NP1 to_TO dislodge_VVI parasites_NN2 ._.

21_MC ._. Lazy_JJ birds_NN2 can_VM always_RR have_VHI dust_NN1 baths_NN2 which_DDQ is_VBZ like_II rolling_VVG in_II dust_NN1 to_TO dry_VVI and_CC make_VVI dirt_NN1 fall_NN1 off_II <sic> it_PPH1 </sic> !_!

<gap desc="figure">

22_MC ._. The_AT Mandarin_NN1 duck_NN (_( that_CST I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ going_VVGK to_TO do_VDI my_APPGE project_NN1 on_II )_) has_VHZ got_VVN a_AT1 'sail'_JJ feather_NN1 just_RR like_II a_AT1 boat_NN1 ._.

<gap desc="figure">

LITTLE_RR

I_PPIS1 knew_VVD that_CST sail_VV0 was_VBDZ a_AT1 bad_JJ idea_NN1 !_!

23_MC ._. In_II the_AT breeding_NN1 season_NNT1 <reg> Puffins_NP2 '_GE </reg> beaks_NN2 have_VH0 colourful_JJ patterns_NN2 on_II them_PPHO2 but_CCB as_CSA they_PPHS2 head_VV0 out_RP for_IF sea_NN1 in_II Winter_NNT1 they_PPHS2 fall_VV0 off_RP and_CC return_VV0 in_II Spring_NN1 time_NNT1 again_RT ._.

This_DD1 does_VDZ n't_XX mean_VVI the_AT beaks_NN2 fall_VV0 off_RP but_CCB the_AT horny_JJ sheath_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ formed_VVN does_VDZ ._.

<gap desc="figure">

Back_NN1 to_II my_APPGE boring_JJ old_JJ self_NN1 again_RT ._.

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<chpb desc="31.">

<gap desc="figure">

Zebra_NP1 Dove_NP1

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<chpb desc="32.">

Birdwatching_NP1

To_TO learn_VVI to_TO identify_VVI birds_NN2 a_AT1 good_JJ way_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO make_VVI notes_NN2 and_CC sketches_NN2 :_:

If_CS everytime_RT you_PPY notice_VV0 a_AT1 bird_NN1 you_PPY notice_VV0 <reg> its_APPGE </reg> shape_NN1 like_II this_DD1 :_:

you_PPY can_VM get_VVI a_AT1 good_JJ idea_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._.

<note desc="text written in margin"> Examples_NN2 shown_VVN are_VBR of_IO a_AT1 Rock_NN1 <sic> Dove_NP1 's_GE </sic> ._. </note>

<gap desc="figure">

1_MC1 ._. <gap desc="figure">

BEAK_NN1 :_:

How_RRQ does_VDZ it_PPH1 join_VVI up_RP ?_?

What_DDQ shape_NN1 is_VBZ it_PPH1 ?_?

Has_VHZ it_PPH1 got_VVN any_DD markings_NN2 ?_?

Colour_NN1 ?_?

2_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

EYE_NP1 :_:

Does_VDZ it_PPH1 have_VHI anything_PN1 around_II it_PPH1 ?_?

Colour_NN1 ?_?

Shape_NN1 ?_?

Where_RRQ ?_?

3_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

HEAD_NN1 :_:

Shape_NN1 ?_?

Colour_NN1 ?_?

4_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

NECK_NN1 :_:

Colour/markings_FO ?_?

Shape_NN1 ?_?

5_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

BACK_NN1 :_:

Colour/Markings_FO ?_?

Shape_NN1 ?_?

6_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

TAIL_NN1 :_:

Shape_NN1 flying/standing_NN1 ?_?

Colour/markings_FO ?_?

How_RRQ does_VDZ it_PPH1 join_VVI ._.

7_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

BREAST_NN1 :_:

Shape_NN1 joining_VVG ?_?

Colour_NN1 ?_? (_( marking_NN1 )_)

8_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

BELLY_NN1 :_:

Shape_NN1 ?_?

Colour/Markings_FO ?_?

Around_II it_PPH1 ?_? Wing_NN1 ?_? ..._...

9_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

WING_NN1 :_:

Marking/Colour_NN1 ?_?

Shape_NN1 flying/still_NN1 ?_?

10_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

LEGS_NN2 :_:

Colour_NN1 ?_? /_FO

Shape_NN1 ?_? /_FO

feathers_NN2 ?_?

Where_RRQ !_! ?_?

11_MC ._. <gap desc="figure">

CLAWS_NN2 :_:

Shape_NN1 ?_? How_RGQ many_DA2 toes_NN2 ?_?

Colour/markings_FO ?_?

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A_AT1 Rock_NN1 Dove_NN1

Binoculars_NN2 :_: 8_MC x_ZZ1 30_MC is_VBZ a_AT1 perfect_JJ combination_NN1 for_IF magnifications_NN2 to_TO be_VBI ._. The_AT first_MD number_NN1 :_: for_REX21 example_REX22 the_AT '8'_FO is_VBZ how_RRQ much_RR the_AT object_NN1 is_VBZ magnified_VVN by_II and_CC the_AT 2nd_MD number_NN1 maybe_RR '30'_FO means_VVZ how_RGQ wide_JJ it_PPH1 is_VBZ (_( 30&deg_FO ;_; )_) ._. Some_DD binoculars_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 coating_NN1 to_TO make_VVI everything_PN1 lighter_JJR when_CS <reg> it_PPH1 's_VBZ </reg> dark_JJ but_CCB not_XX like_II an_AT1 infra-red_JJ ._. These_DD2 are_VBR called_VVN polarized_JJ binoculars_NN2 ._. Remember_VV0 the_AT higher_JJR power_NN1 the_AT binoculars_NN2 are_VBR the_AT more_RGR you_PPY have_VH0 to_TO keep_VVI <sic> it_PPH1 </sic> still_RR otherwise_RR the_AT vision_NN1 looks_VVZ out_II21 of_II22 focus_NN1 ._.

Cameras_NN2 :_: Also_RR need_VV0 a_AT1 sturdy_JJ support_NN1 (_( more_RRR )_) the_AT higher_JJR power_NN1 ._. Tripods_NN2 are_VBR perfect_JJ for_IF outside_RL ._.

'35mm_FO SLR_NP1 cameras_NN2 '_GE are_VBR perfect_JJ for_IF bird_NN1 photography_NN1 ._. The_AT 35mm_NNU SLR_NP1 is_VBZ good_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 gives_VVZ you_PPY the_AT exact_JJ picture_NN1 through_II the_AT view-finder_NN1 ._. In_II flight_NN1 it_PPH1 's_VBZ more_RGR difficult_JJ and_CC you_PPY need_VV0 to_TO practise_VVI focussing_VVG rapidly_RR ._.

A_AT1 telephoto_NN1 <reg> lens_NN1 </reg> makes_VVZ a_AT1 much_RR larger_JJR image_NN1 ._. The_AT standard_JJ 50mm_NNU camera_NN1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 smallish_JJ and_CC kind_NN1 of_IO indistinct_JJ picture_NN1 ._.

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Glossary_NN1 ._. (_( The_AT definitions_NN2 are_VBR to_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 <reg> applies_VVZ </reg> to_II on_II the_AT page_NN1 ._. )_) (_( All_DB in_II alphabetical_JJ order_NN1 )_) ._.

Page_NN1 A_ZZ1

21_MC ._. Abnormalities_NN2 :_: Not_XX normal_JJ ._.

22_MC ._. Adonis_NP1 :_: Young_JJ man_NN1 loved_VVN by_II Goddess_NN1 Aphrodite_NP1 ._.

22_MC ._. Aeneas_NP1 :_: A_ZZ1 classical_JJ myth_NN1 ,_, the_AT Trojan_JJ Prince_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Aeneid_NP1 :_: An_AT1 epic_JJ poem_NN1 by_II Virgil_NP1 in_II Latin_NN1 ._.

25_MC ._. Aerial_JJ :_: To_TO do_VDI with_IW air_NN1 and_CC <reg> height_NN1 </reg> ._.

7_MC ._. Alternative_NN1 :_: A_ZZ1 different_JJ definition_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Aphrodite_NP1 :_: The_AT Goddess_NN1 of_IO love_NN1 and_CC beauty_NN1 ._.

Associated_JJ :_: Something_PN1 that_CST you_PPY think_VV0 of_IO straight_RR21 away_RR22 when_CS you_PPY think_VV0 of_IO a_AT1 specific_JJ thing_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Athene_NP1 :_: The_AT Goddess_NN1 of_IO practical_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, wisdom_NN1 and_CC prudent_JJ warfare_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Aztecs_NN2 :_: Indian_JJ Mexicans_NN2 who_PNQS established_VVD an_AT1 empire_NN1 in_II the_AT 3rd_MD century_NNT1 ._.

29_MC ._. Azure_NN1 :_: Similar_JJ colour_NN1 to_II a_AT1 clear_JJ sky_NN1 blue_NN1 ._.

B_ZZ1

22_MC ._. Babylonian_NP1 :_: Something_PN1 belonging_VVG to_II Babylonia_NP1 ._.

22_MC ._. Bacchus_NP1 :_: A_AT1 God_NN1 of_IO wine_NN1 and_CC giver_NN1 of_IO ecstasy_NN1 ._.

19_MC ._. Bearing_VVG :_: Producing/Giving_VVG ._.

24_MC ._. Beaufort_NP1 :_: A_AT1 scale_NN1 of_IO wind_NN1 velocities_NN2

24_MC ._. Bedraggled_JJ :_: Down_NP1 trodden_VVN ._.

4_MC ._. Binocular_JJ Vision_NN1 :_: 3D_NNU vision_NN1 ._.

25_MC ._. Blood_NN1 Samples_NN2 :_: A_AT1 measure_NN1 or_CC example_NN1 of_IO blood_NN1 type_NN1 ._.

24_MC ._. Brussels_NP1 :_: Capital_NN1 of_IO Belgium_NP1 ._.

C_NP1

9_MC ._. Calligraphy_NN1 :_: A_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO handwriting_NN1 ._.

1_MC1 ._. Capitalize_VV0 :_: My_APPGE word_NN1 for_IF making_VVG something_PN1 into_II capitals_NN2 !_!

22_MC ._. Cents_NNU2 :_: American_JJ currency_NN1 ._.

21_MC ._. Cere_NP1 :_: A_ZZ1 fleshy_JJ soft_JJ and_CC waxy_JJ swelling_JJ at_II the_AT base_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 beak_NN1 that_CST contains_VVZ the_AT nostrils_NN2 ._.

9_MC ._. Circular_NN1 :_: A_ZZ1 round_JJ shape_NN1 ._.

29_MC ._. Cloud_NN1 Forest_NN1 :_: A_AT1 forest_NN1 in_II the_AT clouds_NN2 ._.

33_MC ._. Combination_NN1 :_: Different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO figures_NN2 and_CC letters_NN2 fitted_VVN in_II a_AT1 stable_JJ combination_NN1 i.e._REX <sic> CZXO524_FO ._. </sic>

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19_MC ._. Croppers_NN2 :_: People_NN who_PNQS breed_VV0 Pigeons_NN2 especially_RR for_IF their_APPGE 'Pigeon_NN1 milk'_NN1 ._.

21_MC ._. Cumbersome_JJ :_: Things_NN2 that_CST get_VV0 in_II the_AT way_NN1 ._.

D_ZZ1

13_MC ._. Descendants_NN2 :_: Coming_VVG from_II one_MC1 main_JJ thing_NN1 ._.

24_MC ._. Dicken_JJ Medal_NN1 :_: A_AT1 medal_NN1 from_II the_AT 2nd_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 ._.

30_MC ._. Dislodge_VV0 :_: To_TO come_VVI away_RL or_CC to_II part_NN1 with_IW ._.

25_MC ._. Dissolves_VVZ :_: To_TO <reg> disintegrate_VVI </reg> ._.

8_MC ._. Downy_NP1 :_: Fluffy_JJ ._.

22_MC ._. Dozen_NNO :_: 12_MC ._.

E_ZZ1

30_MC ._. Elders_NN2 :_: Older_JJR species_NN of_IO its_APPGE type_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Emblem_NN1 :_: Sign_NN1 of_IO recognition_NN1 ._.

12_MC ._. Equatorial_JJ :_: Around_II the_AT countries_NN2 of_IO the_AT equator_NN1 ._.

9_MC ._. Evolved_JJ :_: Made_VVN up_RP around_II something_PN1 specific_JJ ._.

22_MC ._. External_JJ :_: Outer_JJ part/outside_NN1 ._.

4_MC ._. Eye_NN1 Sockets_NN2 :_: The_AT holes_NN2 in_II the_AT front_NN1 of_IO you_PPY skull_NN1 that_CST <sic> contains_VVZ </sic> your_APPGE eyeballs_NN2 ._.

F_ZZ1

16_MC ._. Facets_NN2 :_: Any_DD surface_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 flat_NN1 ,_, cut_VV0 gem_NN1 ._.

33_MC ._. Focusing_VVG :_: To_TO fix_VVI someone_PN1 's_GE attention_NN1 to_II ._.

30_MC ._. Formic_JJ Acid_NN1 :_: Formula_NN1 HCOOH_NN1 ._. A_AT1 colourless_JJ <reg> corrosive_JJ </reg> liquid_JJ carboxylic_JJ acid_NN1 ._.

30_MC ._. Formed_VVD :_: Made_VVN ._.

19_MC ._. Frill_NN1 :_: The_AT curling_NN1 of_IO the_AT feathers_NN2 ._.

25_MC ._. Frosted_JJ :_: A_AT1 degree_NN1 of_IO coldness_NN1 where_RRQ things_NN2 form_VV0 'snowflakes_NN2 '_GE on_II them_PPHO2 ._.

G_ZZ1

25_MC ._. Gelatin_NP1 :_: A_AT1 liquid_NN1 used_VMK to_TO gel_VVI things_NN2 together_RL ._.

13_MC ._. Genus_NN1 :_: Family/Type_NN1 ._.

24_MC ._. Geometrical_JJ :_: Straight-lined_JJ shapes_NN2 ._.

9_MC ._. Glands_NN2 :_: Sensitive_JJ tubes_NN2 that_CST mix_VV0 chemicals_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI <sic> water-proofness_NN1 </sic> ._.

8_MC ._. Gravity_NN1 :_: One_MC1 of_IO Earth_NN1 's_GE forces_NN2 ._.

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14_MC ._. Guano_NN1 Gunpowder_NN1 :_: See_VV0 page_NN1 25_MC ._.

7_MC ._. Gullet_NP1 :_: A_AT1 bird_NN1 's_GE throat_NN1 ._.

H_ZZ1

13_MC ._. Habitat_NN1 :_: Specific_JJ surroundings_NN2 ._.

6_MC ._. Honeycomb_VV0 :_: A_AT1 Pattern_NN1 of_IO hexagons_NN2 joined_VVN together_RL :_: <gap desc="figure">

I_MC1

32_MC ._. Identify_VV0 :_: To_TO match_VVI something_PN1 to_II something_PN1 else_RR i.e._REX :_: some_DD kind_NN1 of_IO bird_NN1 to_II a_AT1 decription_NN1 ._.

33_MC ._. Image_NN1 :_: A_AT1 vision_NN1 ._.

28_MC ._. Incubating_NP1 :_: Making_VVG eggs_NN2 warm_VVI so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 wo_VM n't_XX be_VBI undeveloped_JJ ._. This_DD1 is_VBZ done_VDN by_II sitting_VVG on_II the_AT eggs_NN2 ._.

33_MC ._. Indistinct_NP1 :_: Not_XX definite_JJ ._.

28_MC ._. Insert_VV0 :_: To_TO put_VVI in_RP ._.

13_MC ._. Interbreed_VV0 :_: Bred_VVN from_II female_NN1 and_CC male_NN1 of_IO different_JJ breeds_NN2 ._. <sic> I.e_REX </sic> :_: female_JJ Rock_NN1 Dove_NN1 and_CC male_JJ Woodpigeon_NN1 ._.

19_MC Intricately_RR :_: Involved_VVN deeply_RR ._.

13_MC ._. <reg> Iridescent_JJ </reg> :_: Shining_JJ (_( reflected_JJ light_NN1 )_) ._.

22_MC ._. Ishtar_NP1 :_: The_AT principal_JJ Goddess_NN1 of_IO the_AT Babylonians_NN2 and_CC Assyrians_NN2 ,_, divinity_NN1 of_IO love_NN1 ,_, fertility_NN1 and_CC war_NN1 ._.

J_ZZ1

21_MC ._. Jowl_VV0 Wattles_NN2 :_: A_AT1 bird_NN1 's_GE feature_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ flesh_NN1 hanging_VVG from_II the_AT lower_JJR jaw_NN1 ._.

L_ZZ1

25_MC ._. Landmarks_NN2 :_: A_ZZ1 recognised_JJ building_NN1 in_II a_AT1 certain_JJ place_NN1 ._. Like_II Blackpool_NP1 tower_NN1 in_II Blackpool_NP1 ._.

13_MC ._. Latin_NN1 :_: The_AT language_NN1 of_IO ancient_JJ Rome_NP1 and_CC the_AT Roman_JJ Empire_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Legends_NN2 :_: Old_JJ tales_NN2 that_CST are_VBR n't_XX known_VVN if_CS they_PPHS2 're_VBR true_JJ or_CC not_XX ._.

24_MC ._. Lille_NP1 :_: An_AT1 industrial_JJ city_NN1 in_II the_AT North_ND1 of_IO France_NP1 ._.

9_MC ._. Lining_NN1 :_: A_AT1 layer_NN1 of_IO material_NN1 inside_II something_PN1 ._.

M_ZZ1

33_MC ._. Magnification_NN1 :_: A_AT1 <reg> lens_NN1 </reg> that_CST enlarges_VVZ something_PN1 ._.

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32_MC ._. Markings_NN2 :_: A_AT1 design_NN1 ._. <reg> i.e._REX </reg> A_ZZ1 <reg> tiger_NN1 's_GE </reg> stripes_NN2 ._.

29_MC ._. Missile_NN1 :_: A_AT1 weapon_NN1 fired_VVN <sic> and_CC and_CC </sic> guided_VVN to_II a_AT1 target_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Myths_NN2 :_: See_VV0 'legends_NN2 '_GE ._.

N_ZZ1

25_MC ._. Navigation_NN1 :_: To_TO plan_VVI a_AT1 route_NN1 or_CC remember_VV0 one_PN1 ._.

12_MC ._. Nicobar_NP1 Islands_NNL2 :_: Islands_NN2 off_II the_AT coast_NN1 of_IO East_ND1 India_NP1 ,_, West_ND1 Burma_NP1 and_CC North_ND1 Sumatra_NP1 ._.

19_MC ._. Nourishment_NN1 :_: Something_PN1 filling_VVG ,_, fresh_JJ and_CC pure_JJ ._.

O_UH

19_MC ._. Onyx_VV0 :_: Gemstone_NP1 ._. A_AT1 marble_NN1 kind_NN1 of_IO looking_VVG one_PN1 ._.

25_MC ._. Opaque_JJ :_: See_VV0 through_RP ._.

4_MC ._. Organs_NN2 :_: Parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT inside_NN1 of_IO the_AT body_NN1 like_II the_AT heart_NN1 and_CC lungs_NN2 ..._...

1_MC1 ._. Ornamental_JJ :_: Decorative_JJ ._.

P_ZZ1

30_MC ._. Parasites_NN2 :_: A_ZZ1 microscopic_JJ animal_NN1 that_CST lives_VVZ on_II <reg> animals_NN2 '_GE </reg> bodies_NN2 ._.

9_MC ._. People_NN 's_GE first_MD pen_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 quill_NN1 ?_? :_: NOT_XX !_! I_PPIS1 could_VM n't_XX change_VVI the_AT writing_NN1 ._.

33_MC ._. Perfect_VV0 :_: The_AT right_JJ thing_NN1 ._.

14_MC ._. Pigeon_NN1 Pair_NN :_: 2_MC children_NN2 (_( Pigeons_NN2 always_RR raise_VV0 2_MC squabs_NN2 )_) ._.

38_MC ._. Plumage_NN1 :_: A_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO feathers_NN2 around_II the_AT bird_NN1 's_GE body_NN1 ._.

33_MC ._. Polarized_VVN :_: Making_VVG things_NN2 brighter_JJR ._.

19_MC ._. Porphyry_NP1 :_: Reddy-purple_JJ gem_NN1 <reg> with_IW </reg> large_JJ crystals_NN2 ._.

22_MC ._. Prominent_JJ :_: Standing_VVG out_RP ._.

9_MC ._. Protein_NN1 :_: Any_DD one_MC1 of_IO a_AT1 large_JJ group_NN1 of_IO nitrogenous_JJ <note desc="unfinished sentence">

22_MC ._. Purified_NP1 :_: All_DB good_JJ and_CC satisfactory_JJ ._.

Q_ZZ1

9_MC ._. Quills_NN2 :_: See_VV0 page_NN1 9_MC ._.

R_ZZ1

30_MC ._. Rearing_VVG :_: Bringing_VVG up_RP ._.

24_MC ._. Resistance_NN1 :_: The_AT French_NN1 resisting_VVG the_AT Germans_NN2 ._.

29_MC ._. <sic> Rumped_NP1 </sic> :_: The_AT back_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 bird_NN1 :_: <gap desc="figure"> Rump_NN1 ._.

S_ZZ1

22_MC ._. Sacred_JJ :_: Devoted_JJ to_II a_AT1 religion_NN1 ._.

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19_MC ._. Sheen_NP1 :_: Bright_JJ ,_, glistening_VVG ,_, reflected_VVD light_NN1 ._.

22_MC ._. Shrines_NN2 :_: A_AT1 place_NN1 of_IO worship_NN1 ._.

13_MC ._. Silhouette_NN1 :_: A_AT1 figure_NN1 standing_VVG against_II light_NN1 causing_VVG itself_PPX1 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 dull_JJ brown_JJ ,_, black_JJ colour_NN1 ._.

8_MC ._. Slick_NN1 :_: Thin_JJ and_CC smooth_JJ ._.

22_MC ._. Soul_NN1 :_: The_AT spirit_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 living_JJ man_NN1 ._.

25_MC ._. SQUEAMISH_NP1 :_: Afraid_JJ of_IO something_PN1 ._.

33_MC ._. Standard_NN1 :_: Up_II21 to_II22 expectation_NN1 ._.

8_MC ._. Streamline_VV0 :_: Designed_VVN for_IF speed_NN1 ._.

4_MC ._. Structure_NN1 :_: Form_NN1 of_IO something_PN1 ._. <gap desc="arrows to indicate corrected alphabetical order">

33_MC ._. Sturdy_JJ :_: Firm_NN1 ._.

I_MC1

29_MC ._. Target_NN1 :_: A_ZZ1 place_VV0 to_TO aim_VVI at_II ._.

30_MC ._. Technique_NN1 :_: A_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO doing_VDG something_PN1 ._.

1_MC1 ._. TEDIOUS_JJ :_: 'Slowly_RR but_CCB surely_RR !_! '_"

33_MC ._. Telephoto_NP1 :_: Any_DD enlargement_NN1 camera_NN1 <reg> lens_NN1 </reg> that_CST can_VM be_VBI attached_VVN to_II a_AT1 camera_NN1 ._.

24_MC Tesselation_NN1 :_: Shapes_NN2 that_CST fit_VV0 together_RL and_CC do_VD0 n't_XX leave_VVI gaps_NN2 ._.

6_MC ._. Tissue_NN1 :_: A_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 organism_NN1 made_VVN out_II21 of_II22 lots_PN of_IO cells_NN2 ._.

33_MC ._. Tripods_NP1 :_: A_ZZ1 stand_VV0 for_IF putting_VVG a_AT1 camera_NN1 on_RP without_IW shaking_VVG ._.

U_ZZ1

19_MC ._. Urns_NN2 :_: Vessels_NN2 ._.

V_ZZ1

22_MC ._. Vale_NN1 :_: Valley_NN1 ._.

12_MC ._. Version_NN1 :_: An_AT1 example_NN1 ,_, something_PN1 like_II it_PPH1 ._.

29_MC ._. Vertical_JJ :_: Upright_RL ._. <reg> i.e._REX </reg> the_AT wall_NN1 is_VBZ vertical_JJ <gap desc="figure"> ._.

22_MC ._. Virgil_NP1 :_: A_ZZ1 Latin_JJ poet_NN1 ._.

W_ZZ1

9_MC ._. Warding_NP1 :_: Warning_VVG something_PN1 to_TO go_VVI away_RL ._.

22_MC ._. Whence_RRQ :_: Then_RT ._.

3_MC ._. White_JJ tooth_NN1 :_: An_AT1 egg_NN1 tooth_NN1 that_CST protects_VVZ the_AT beak_NN1 and_CC helps_NN2 crack_VVI the_AT shell_NN1 ._.

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Index_NN1

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(_( All_DB parts_NN2 ,_, except_II21 for_II22 page_NN1 21_MC ,_, are_VBR adaptations_NN2 from_II the_AT text_NN1 of_IO the_AT following_JJ books_NN2 ._. )_)

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<sic> Thankyous_NN2 </sic>

Thank_VV0 you_PPY to_II all_DB the_AT family_NN1 and_CC friends_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 helped_VVN in_II various_JJ ways_NN2 ._.

<name key="Denise">