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COUNTRY_NN1 LIFE_NN1 BY_II <name key="LOUISE KETTLEWELL">

CONTENTS_NN2

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INTRODUCTION_NN1

In_II the_AT country_NN1 there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 forms_NN2 of_IO life_NN1 ranging_VVG from_II tiny_JJ insects_NN2 to_II the_AT large_JJ trees_NN2 that_CST dominate_VV0 the_AT country_NN1 scene_NN1 ._.

A_AT1 selection_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 forms_NN2 of_IO life_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II this_DD1 project_NN1 ._.

Information_NN1 taken_VVN from_II :_: -_-

Seashore_NN1 life_NN1 and_CC country_NN1 life_NN1

Woodlands_NP1

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WOODLAND_NN1 SEASONS_NNT2 ._.

SPRING_NN1

Bluebells_NN2 carpet_VV0 many_DA2 beechwoods_NN2 in_II the_AT Spring_NN1 ._. Their_APPGE leaves_NN2 appear_VV0 as_CSA winter_NNT1 turns_VVZ to_II Spring_NN1 and_CC the_AT flowers_NN2 follow_VV0 in_RP may_VM just_RR as_CSA the_AT beech_NN1 leaves_NN2 are_VBR beginning_VVG to_II open_JJ and_CC cut_VVN off_II the_AT light_NN1 ._. The_AT blue-bell_JJ leaves_NN2 continue_VV0 to_TO grow_VVI for_IF another_DD1 month_NNT1 or_CC so_RR ,_, and_CC then_RT <sic> it_PPH1 dies_VVZ </sic> away_RL ._.

SUMMER_NNT1

Throughout_II the_AT Summer_NNT1 the_AT beech_NN1 leaves_NN2 are_VBR spread_VVN out_RP so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 get_VV0 the_AT maximum_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO light_JJ to_TO make_VVI food_NN1 for_IF trees_NN2 ._. There_EX are_VBR bright_JJ patches_NN2 here_RL and_CC there_RL ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 <reg> receive_VV0 </reg> light_JJ only_JJ for_IF a_AT1 short_JJ time_NNT1 ._. Trees_NN2 decay_VV0 very_RG slowly_RR so_CS there_EX <sic> is_VBZ </sic> lots_PN of_IO dead_JJ leaves_NN2 ._.

AUTUMN_NNT1

Autumn_NNT1 is_VBZ a_AT1 beautiful_JJ time_NNT1 in_II the_AT beechwoods_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT leaves_NN2 taking_VVG on_RP their_APPGE wonderful_JJ golden_JJ and_CC Coppery_JJ colours_NN2 ._. Thin_JJ corky_JJ layers_NN2 develop_VV0 between_II the_AT twigs_NN2 and_CC the_AT leaf_NN1 stalks_NN2 and_CC gradually_RR cut_VVN off_II all_DB water_NN1 supplies_VVZ to_II the_AT leaves_NN2 ._. The_AT autumn_NNT1 winds_VVZ then_RT gradually_RR blow_VV0 the_AT leaves_NN2 from_II the_AT trees_NN2 ._.

WINTER_NNT1

Even_RR in_II Winter_NNT1 there_EX is_VBZ quite_RG a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO shade_NN1 in_II the_AT beechwood_NN1 ._. A_AT1 few_DA2 mosses_NN2 grow_VV0 here_RL and_CC there_RL especially_RR on_II banks_NN2 where_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR above_II the_AT carpet_NN1 of_IO dead_JJ leaves_NN2 ._. The_AT bark_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR stained_JJ green_NN1 by_II algae_NN2 ,_, especially_RR on_II the_AT shadier_JJR side_NN1 of_IO the_AT trunk_NN1 ._.

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SPRING_NN1

SUMMER_NNT1

AUTUMN_NNT1

WINTER_NNT1

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FLOWERS_NN2

Flowering_JJ plants_NN2 and_CC ferns_NN2 make_VV0 up_RP the_AT woodland_NN1 field_NN1 layer_NN1 ._. Most_DAT of_IO the_AT plants_NN2 are_VBR soft-stemmed_JJ herbaceous_JJ species_NN that_CST die_VV0 down_RP in_II the_AT autumn_NNT1 and_CC send_VV0 up_RP new_JJ shoots_NN2 in_II the_AT Spring_NN1 ._. Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT flowers_NN2 grow_VV0 from_II underground_JJ bulbs_NN2 or_CC tubers_NN2 -_- a_AT1 well-known_JJ bulbous_JJ species_NN is_VBZ the_AT Bluebell_NP1 ._.

Like_II the_AT Shrub_NN1 layer_NN1 ,_, the_AT field_NN1 layer_NN1 is_VBZ poorly_RR developed_VVN in_II beechwoods_NN2 and_CC other_JJ dense_JJ woodlands_NN2 and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX found_VVN at_RR21 all_RR22 in_II mature_JJ conifer_NN1 plantations_NN2 ._. It_PPH1 reaches_VVZ its_APPGE greatest_JJT development_NN1 in_II lightly_RR grazed_VVN wood-land_NN1 clearings_NN2 and_CC places_NN2 where_RRQ trees_NN2 have_VH0 fallen_VVN and_CC light_NN1 is_VBZ let_VVN in_RP ._. Also_RR there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG rich_JJ field_NN1 layer_NN1 in_II the_AT woods_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR regularly_RR coppiced_JJ ._. There_EX 's_VBZ always_RR some_DD open_JJ areas_NN2 in_II coppiced_JJ woodland_NN1 in_II which_DDQ flowers_NN2 can_VM flourish_VVI ._.

The_AT field_NN1 layer_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Sessile_JJ oakwood_NN1 generally_RR has_VHZ fewer_DAR species_NN than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO the_AT pedunculate_NN1 oak-wood_NN1 because_CS the_AT soil_NN1 is_VBZ shallower_JJR and_CC not_XX so_RG rich_JJ ._.

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RED_JJ HELLEBORINE_NN1

RAMSONS_NN2

BLUEBELL_NP1

GROUND_NN1 IVY_NN1

HERB_NN1 ROBERT_NP1

PRIMROSE_NP1

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LEAVES_NN2 &_CC FRUIT_NN

Learning_VVG leaf_NN1 shapes_NN2 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT best_JJT ways_NN2 to_TO identify_VVI trees_NN2 in_II woods_NN2 ._. Flowers_NN2 and_CC fruits_NN2 are_VBR also_RR helpful_JJ ._. Bark_VV0 patterns_NN2 will_VM help_VVI you_PPY to_TO recognize_VVI some_DD species_NN ._. The_AT wild_JJ cherry_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 is_VBZ identified_VVN easily_RR by_II its_APPGE horizontal_JJ stripes_NN2 and_CC by_II the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT young_JJ bark_NN1 flakes_VVZ off_RP in_II horizontal_JJ bands_NN2 ._. The_AT sweet_JJ chestnut_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 spiral_JJ pattern_NN1 on_II the_AT lower_JJR part_NN1 of_IO the_AT trunk_NN1 ._.

Examine_VV0 the_AT winter_NNT1 buds_NN2 of_IO deciduous_JJ trees_NN2 ._. Their_APPGE shapes_NN2 and_CC colours_NN2 will_VM help_VVI with_IW identification_NN1 ._. Some_DD of_IO the_AT easiest_JJT to_TO recognize_VVI are_VBR the_AT sharply_RR pointed_JJ buds_NN2 of_IO the_AT beech_NN1 and_CC the_AT velvety_JJ black_JJ buds_NN2 of_IO the_AT ash_NN1 ._.

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Sweet_JJ Chestnut_NN1

Sycamore_NN1

Holly_NN1

Hornbeam_VV0

Ash_NP1

Oak_NN1

Wild_JJ Cherry_NP1

Larch_NN1

Silver_NP1 Birch_NP1

DIFFERENT_JJ KINDS_NN2 OF_IO LEAVES_NN2

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PONDS_NN2 AND_CC STREAM_NN1

Pond_NN1 plants_NN2 can_VM be_VBI divided_VVN into_II groups_NN2 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT zones_NN2 ,_, or_CC areas_NN2 ,_, where_CS they_PPHS2 grow_VV0 ._. Many_DA2 of_IO freshwater_JJ plants_NN2 also_RR grow_VV0 in_II streams_NN2 and_CC rivers_NN2 ._. Water_NN1 plants_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX need_VVI thick_JJ stems_NN2 to_TO hold_VVI them_PPHO2 and_CC support_VV0 them_PPHO2 ,_, because_CS the_AT water_NN1 holds_VVZ them_PPHO2 up_RP instead_RR ._. Their_APPGE leaves_NN2 are_VBR rather_RG fine_JJ and_CC thin_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX need_VVI to_TO hold_VVI water_NN1 as_CSA land_NN1 plants_NN2 do_VD0 ._. Plants_NN2 found_VVN in_II the_AT shallow_JJ water_NN1 zone_NN1 are_VBR usually_RR tall_JJ with_IW long_JJ underground_JJ stems_NN2 ,_, called_VVN rhizomes_NN2 ,_, to_TO hold_VVI them_PPHO2 upright_RL ._. These_DD2 rhizomes_NN2 spread_VV0 and_CC may_VM crowd_VVI out_RP the_AT other_JJ plants_NN2 ._. The_AT banks_NN2 of_IO ponds_NN2 and_CC streams_NN2 have_VH0 soft_JJ ,_, damp_JJ soil_NN1 ._. Many_DA2 kinds_NN2 of_IO different_JJ plants_NN2 can_VM grow_VVI there_RL ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 are_VBR often_RR brightly_RR coloured_VVN ._.

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Great_JJ Reedmace_NP1

Meadowsweet_VV0 Plant_NN1

Great_JJ pond-Sedge_NN1

Spiked_JJ water_NN1 Milfoil_NP1

Soft_JJ rush_NN1

Canadian_JJ pondweed_NN1

Stickleback_NN1

UNDERWATER_JJ PLANTS_NN2

Plants_NN2 grow_VV0 under_II the_AT water_NN1 in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT pond_NN1 apart_II21 from_II22 some_DD flower_NN1 heads_NN2 which_DDQ rise_VV0 above_II the_AT surface_NN1

FLOATING_JJ PLANTS_NN2

Some_DD plants_NN2 that_CST grow_VV0 near_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT pond_NN1 float_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE roots_NN2 hanging_VVG in_II the_AT water_NN1

ROOTED_JJ PLANTS_NN2

Plants_NN2 growing_VVG in_RP fairly_RR shallow_JJ water_NN1 around_II the_AT edge_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 zone_NN1 have_VH0 their_APPGE roots_NN2 in_II the_AT mud_NN1 ._. The_AT leaves_NN2 float_VV0 in_II the_AT water_NN1 or_CC stand_VV0 out_RP ._.

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FISH_NN

There_EX are_VBR nearly_RR 40_MC kinds_NN2 of_IO freshwater_JJ fishes_NN2 in_II Britain_NP1 ._. Most_DAT freshwater_JJ fishes_NN2 spawn_VV0 ,_, or_CC lay_VVD their_APPGE eggs_NN2 ,_, in_II shallow_JJ water_NN1 ._.

Fish_NN in_II a_AT1 pond_NN1

Most_DAT pond_NN1 fishes_NN2 are_VBR rounder_JJR and_CC fatter_JJR than_CSN the_AT slim_JJ ,_, streamlined_JJ fishes_NN2 of_IO running_JJ water_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 swim_VV0 more_RGR slowly_RR too_RR ._. The_AT Carp_NN basks_VVZ near_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO warm_JJ ,_, weedy_JJ ponds_NN2 ._. It_PPH1 eats_VVZ plants_NN2 and_CC sucks_VVZ up_RP mud_NN1 to_TO sift_VVI out_RP worms_NN2 and_CC insects_NN2 ._. Ponds_NN2 can_VM become_VVI <reg> overcrowded_JJ </reg> with_IW Rudd_NP1 ._. The_AT fish_NN are_VBR very_RG small_JJ because_CS there_EX <reg> is_VBZ n't_XX </reg> enough_DD food_NN1 for_IF them_PPHO2 to_TO grow_VVI ._. The_AT Tench_NN ,_, (_( a_AT1 pond_NN1 fish_NN )_) lives_VVZ among_II water_NN1 plants_NN2 and_CC often_RR lies_VVZ buried_VVN in_II mud_NN1 on_II the_AT bottom_NN1 of_IO small_JJ ponds_NN2 ._. The_AT perch_NN likes_VVZ to_TO be_VBI in_II clean_JJ ,_, shaded_JJ water_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 eats_VVZ small_JJ fish_NN like_II minnows_NN2 ._.

Fish_NN in_II a_AT1 stream_NN1

The_AT Dace_NN is_VBZ often_RR found_VVN in_II large_JJ schools_NN2 near_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT water_NN1 ._. The_AT Bullhead_NP1 hides_VVZ under_II stones_NN2 in_II the_AT day_NNT1 ._. It_PPH1 comes_VVZ out_RP at_II night_NNT1 to_TO feed_VVI on_II insects_NN2 and_CC small_JJ shellfish_NN ._.

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In_II a_AT1 pond_NN1

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Perch_VV0

Carp_VV0

minnows_NN2

Tench_NN

Rudd_NP1

In_II a_AT1 Stream_NN1

Dace_NN

Grayling_NP1

Trout_NN

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FROGS_NN2 ,_, TOADS_NN2 AND_CC NEWTS_NN2

Frogs_NN2 ,_, toads_NN2 and_CC Newts_NN2 are_VBR born_VVN in_II water_NN1 ,_, but_CCB spend_VV0 most_DAT of_IO their_APPGE adult_NN1 life_NN1 on_II land_NN1 ._. These_DD2 animals_NN2 are_VBR called_VVN amphibians_NN2 ._. The_AT young_JJ tadpoles_NN2 <reg> develop_VV0 </reg> from_II eggs_NN2 ,_, called_VVN spawn_NN1 laid_VVN in_II the_AT water_NN1 ._. As_CSA they_PPHS2 grow_VV0 older_JJR ,_, their_APPGE gills_NN2 and_CC tails_NN2 slowly_RR <reg> disappear_VV0 </reg> and_CC lungs_NN2 and_CC legs_NN2 take_VV0 their_APPGE place_NN1 (_( although_CS newts_NN2 keep_VV0 their_APPGE tails_NN2 )_) ._. Then_RT the_AT young_JJ amphibian_NN1 leaves_VVZ the_AT water_NN1 except_CS when_CS it_PPH1 returns_VVZ to_II the_AT pond_NN1 to_TO breed_VVI in_II Spring_NN1 ._.

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The_AT common_JJ frog_NN1 lives_VVZ in_II damp_JJ grass_NN1 and_CC undergrowth_NN1 ._. Its_APPGE basic_JJ colour_NN1 can_VM change_VVI to_II <sic> matchs_NN2 </sic> its_APPGE surroundings_NN2 ._.

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In_II the_AT day_NNT1 ,_, the_AT common_JJ Toad_NN1 hides_VVZ in_II holes_NN2 in_II the_AT ground_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 hunts_VVZ for_IF food_NN1 at_II night_NNT1 ._.

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A_AT1 toad_NN1 grows_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ skin_NN1 several_DA2 times_NNT2 in_II the_AT Summer_NNT1 ._.

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TOADSPAWN_NP1

In_II spring_NN1 ,_, toads_NN2 may_VM travel_VVI for_IF ten_MC days_NNT2 to_TO reach_VVI their_APPGE breeding_NN1 ponds_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 mate_VV0 like_II frogs_NN2 but_CCB lay_VV0 eggs_NN2 in_II ribbons_NN2 about_RG 2m_NNU long_JJ ._.

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MOTHS_NN2 AND_CC BUTTERFLIES_NN2

Moths_NN2 generally_RR fly_VV0 at_II night_NNT1 and_CC rest_NN1 by_II day_NNT1 ._. Many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 are_VBR very_RG well_RR camouflaged_VVN to_TO protect_VVI them_PPHO2 from_II birds_NN2 ._. Others_NN2 prefer_VV0 to_TO hide_VVI amongst_II the_AT leaves_NN2 ._. The_AT speckled_JJ yellow_JJ and_CC the_AT broad-bordered_JJ bee_NN1 hawkmoth_NN1 fly_NN1 in_II woodland_NN1 clearings_NN2 in_II the_AT sunshine_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT others_NN2 are_VBR nocturnal_JJ ._.

Butterflies_NN2 are_VBR sun-loving_JJ insects_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 enjoy_VV0 sunbathing_VVG on_II the_AT leaves_NN2 ._. Most_DAT of_IO them_PPHO2 take_VV0 nectar_NN1 from_II flowers_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT purple_JJ emperor_NN1 prefers_VVZ to_TO drink_VVI honeydew_NN1 deposited_VVN on_II the_AT leaves_NN2 by_II aphids_NN2 ._. This_DD1 butterfly_NN1 spends_VVZ most_DAT of_IO its_APPGE time_NNT1 flying_VVG around_RP tall_JJ Oak_NN1 trees_NN2 ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 sometimes_RT comes_VVZ down_RP to_TO drink_VVI from_II muddy_JJ pools_NN2 and_CC also_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 liking_NN1 for_IF rotting_JJ meat_NN1 ._.

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MALE_NN1

FEMALE_NN1

LESSER_JJ PURPLE_JJ EMPEROR_NN1 ._.

WOODLAND_NN1 MOTHS_NN2

Speckled_JJ yellow_NN1

Puss_NN1 moth_NN1

Pine_NN1 Hawkmoth_NN1

Large_JJ Emerald_NN1

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OTTERS_NN2

Otters_NN2 live_VV0 by_II rivers_NN2 and_CC the_AT sea_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 are_VBR nocturnal_JJ and_CC wander_VV0 long_JJ distances_NN2 at_II night_NNT1 ._. During_II the_AT day_NNT1 they_PPHS2 rest_VV0 in_II their_APPGE well-hidden_JJ nests_NN2 ,_, called_VVN holts_NN2 ._. These_DD2 are_VBR made_VVN in_II hollow_JJ trees_NN2 or_CC at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO tunnels_NN2 in_II river_NN1 banks_NN2 ,_, some-times_RT with_IW an_AT1 underwater_JJ entrance_NN1 ._. At_II night_NNT1 otters_NN2 are_VBR easily_RR disturbed_VVN ,_, but_CCB quiet_JJ daytime_NNT1 visits_NN2 to_TO look_VVI for_IF signs_NN2 will_VM not_XX worry_VVI them_PPHO2 ._.

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Otters_NN2 are_VBR very_RG playful_JJ ._. You_PPY can_VM sometimes_RT see_VVI them_PPHO2 leaping_VVG in_RP and_CC out_II21 of_II22 the_AT water_NN1 just_RR for_IF fun_NN1 ._.

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Otters_NN2 swim_VV0 and_CC dive_VV0 well_RR using_VVG the_AT strong_JJ tail_NN1 as_II a_AT1 rudder_NN1 and_CC the_AT front_JJ legs_NN2 for_IF steering_VVG and_CC balance_NN1 ._.

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Cubs_NN2 have_VH0 to_TO be_VBI taught_VVN to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO go_VVI in_II the_AT water_NN1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 know_VV0 how_RRQ to_TO swim_VVI ._.

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As_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 the_AT cubs_NN2 have_VH0 learnt_VVN to_TO hunt_VVI ,_, they_PPHS2 male_NN1 leaves_VVZ them_PPHO2 ._. The_AT female_JJ stays_NN2 with_IW them_PPHO2 for_IF several_DA2 months_NNT2 ._.

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SIGNS_NN2 AND_CC TRACKS_NN2

Otters_NN2 live_VV0 mainly_RR on_II fish_NN ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 eating_VVG shellfish_NN ,_, water_NN1 birds_NN2 and_CC frogs_NN2 ._.

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Each_DD1 otter_NN1 's_GE foot_NN1 has_VHZ five_MC toes_NN2 joined_VVN by_II a_AT1 web_NN1 ._. In_II deep_JJ snow_NN1 the_AT tracks_NN2 often_RR appear_VV0 with_IW a_AT1 furrow_NN1 between_II them_PPHO2 made_VVD by_II the_AT otter_NN1 's_GE body_NN1 ._.

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FOXES_NN2

Foxes_NN2 are_VBR members_NN2 of_IO the_AT dog_NN1 family_NN1 ,_, but_CCB unlike_JJ dogs_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR social_JJ animals_NN2 foxes_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI loners_NN2 ._. Dogs_NN2 rely_VV0 on_II their_APPGE eye_NN1 sight_NN1 and_CC speed_NN1 ,_, foxes_NN2 rely_VV0 on_II their_APPGE noses_NN2 and_CC ears_NN2 and_CC are_VBR cunning_JJ ._. Foxes_NN2 are_VBR difficult_JJ to_TO watch_VVI ,_, they_PPHS2 travel_VV0 further_RRR and_CC change_VV0 their_APPGE homes_NN2 often_RR ._. Foxes_NN2 live_VV0 in_II all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO places_NN2 from_II woodland_NN1 to_II moorland_NN1 ._. May_NPM1 and_CC June_NPM1 is_VBZ the_AT best_JJT time_NNT1 to_TO see_VVI foxes_NN2 when_RRQ the_AT cubs_NN2 are_VBR young_JJ and_CC playful_JJ when_RRQ <sic> to_II </sic> adults_NN2 bring_VV0 them_PPHO2 food_NN1 ._. A_AT1 fox_NN1 's_GE home_RL is_VBZ called_VVN an_AT1 earth_NN1 ._. A_AT1 female_JJ fox_NN1 is_VBZ called_VVN a_AT1 vixen_NN1

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Cubs_NN2 are_VBR born_VVN usually_RR in_II March_NPM1 or_CC April_NPM1 ._.

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The_AT male_NN1 or_CC dog_NN1 fox_NN1 leaves_VVZ food_NN1 outside_II the_AT earth_NN1 ,_, but_CCB does_VDZ not_XX help_VVI the_AT vixen_NN1 care_NN1 for_IF the_AT cubs_NN2 ._.

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When_CS the_AT cubs_NN2 are_VBR 6_MC weeks_NNT2 old_JJ they_PPHS2 play_VV0 outside_II the_AT earth_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 fight_VV0 over_RP food_NN1 ._.

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Foxes_NN2 sometimes_RT bury_VV0 food_NN1 and_CC re-turn_VV0 to_TO collect_VVI it_PPH1 later_RRR ._.

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TRACKS_NN2

Fox_NP1

Dog_NN1

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Fox_NP1 tracks_NN2 are_VBR like_II those_DD2 of_IO a_AT1 dog_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT claw_NN1 marks_NN2 are_VBR slimmer_JJR and_CC more_RGR pointed_JJ ,_, and_CC there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 much_RR wider_JJR space_NN1 between_II the_AT marks_NN2 of_IO the_AT front_NN1 and_CC back_NN1 pads_NN2 ._.

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By_II Summer_NNT1 ,_, the_AT cubs_NN2 are_VBR <reg> beginning_VVG </reg> to_TO hunt_VVI alone_RR ._. Their_APPGE mother_NN1 teaches_VVZ them_PPHO2 how_RRQ to_TO catch_VVI voles_NN2 ,_, mice_NN2 etc_RA ._.

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To_TO catch_VVI <sic> a_AT1 </sic> earthworm_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 fox_NN1 care-fully_RR watches_VVZ to_TO detect_VVI its_APPGE exact_JJ position_NN1 ._. Then_RT the_AT fox_NN1 grabs_VVZ it_PPH1 ._.

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In_II winter_NNT1 ,_, food_NN1 is_VBZ scarce_JJ and_CC adult_NN1 foxes_NN2 may_VM protect_VVI their_APPGE own_DA food_NN1 supply_NN1 and_CC territory_NN1 by_II driving_VVG young_JJ foxes_NN2 away_RL ._. Foxes_NN2 mate_VV0 in_II winter_NNT1 ._. The_AT foxes_NN2 will_VM have_VHI a_AT1 family_NN1 of_IO <reg> their_APPGE </reg> own_DA in_II Spring_NN1 ._.

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Foxes_NN2 may_VM scavenge_VVI in_II rubbish_NN1 dumps_NN2 ,_, looking_VVG for_IF bones_NN2 and_CC other_JJ scraps_NN2 ._. Fruits_NN2 ,_, like_II blackberries_NN2 ,_, are_VBR also_RR welcome_JJ food_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 hungry_JJ fox_NN1 ._. Under_II cover_NN1 of_IO night_NNT1 ,_, foxes_NN2 may_VM attack_VVI farm_NN1 poultry_NN ._. When_RRQ foxes_NN2 kill_VV0 birds_NN2 they_PPHS2 bite_VV0 their_APPGE head_NN1 <reg> off_II </reg> first_MD ._. Foxes_NN2 will_VM also_RR scavenge_VVI for_IF food_NN1 in_II dustbins_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 this_DD1 means_VVZ <reg> taking_VVG </reg> the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO <reg> approaching_VVG </reg> houses_NN2 ._.

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RABBITS_NN2

You_PPY can_VM see_VVI rabbits_NN2 in_II almost_RR every_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO country-side_NN1 ,_, especially_RR on_II commons_NN2 ,_, sand_NN1 dunes_NN2 and_CC in_II woodlands_NN2 ._.

Rabbits_NN2 live_VV0 together_RL in_II groups_NN2 of_IO burrows_NN2 called_VVN warrens_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 usually_RR come_VV0 out_RP at_II dawn_NNT1 and_CC dusk_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB you_PPY may_VM see_VVI them_PPHO2 at_II anytime_NNT1 ._. A_AT1 female_JJ rabbit_NN1 is_VBZ called_VVN a_AT1 doe_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ ten_MC babies_NN2 each_DD1 year_NNT1 ._.

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Rabbits_NN2 use_VV0 their_APPGE forepaws_NN2 to_TO dig_VVI their_APPGE burrows_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 push_VV0 the_AT soil_NN1 out_RP behind_II them_PPHO2 with_IW their_APPGE hind_JJ paws_NN2 ._.

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Rabbits_NN2 are_VBR eaten_VVN by_II birds_NN2 of_IO prey_NN1 ,_, foxes_NN2 ,_, stoats_NN2 and_CC weasels_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 either_RR run_VVD away_RL or_CC kick_VV0 with_IW their_APPGE hind_JJ legs_NN2 ._.

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Rabbits_NN2 are_VBR sometimes_RT called_VVN "_" landscape_NN1 gardeners_NN2 "_" because_CS the_AT plants_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 eat_VV0 disappear_VV0 from_II the_AT area_NN1 around_II the_AT warren_NN1 ._.

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Rabbits_NN2 spend_VV0 a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE time_NNT1 resting_NN1 and_CC sleeping_VVG in_II their_APPGE burrows_NN2 ._.

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Grasses_NN2

Corn_NN1

Vegetables_NN2

Trees_NN2

FOOD_NN1

Rabbits_NN2 eat_VV0 grasses_NN2 ,_, corn_NN1 ,_, crops_NN2 ,_, root_NN1 <note desc="hyphenated word"> vegetables_NN2 </note> and_CC young_JJ trees_NN2 ._. Rabbits_NN2 feed_VV0 on_II trees_NN2 up_RG21 to_RG22 60_MC cm_NNU from_II the_AT ground_NN1 ._.

4cm_NNU

Rabbit_NN1

6cm_NNU

brown_JJ Hare_NN1

Although_CS Rabbits_NN2 and_CC Hares_NN2 look_VV0 alike_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR easy_JJ to_TO tell_VVI them_PPHO2 apart_RL ._. Hares_NN2 are_VBR bigger_JJR and_CC have_VH0 longer_JJR ears_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 black_JJ tip_NN1 ,_, longer_RRR hind_JJ legs_NN2 ,_, and_CC are_VBR usually_RR solitary_JJ ._. <reg> Hares_NN2 '_GE </reg> tracks_NN2 are_VBR larger_JJR ._.

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HARES_NN2

Hares_NN2 live_VV0 on_II farmland_NN1 ,_, moors_NN2 ,_, dunes_NN2 and_CC in_II woodland_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 feed_VV0 mostly_RR at_II night_NNT1 and_CC live_VV0 alone_RR ,_, except_CS during_II the_AT breeding_NN1 season_NNT1 ._. You_PPY could_VM see_VVI female_JJ hares_NN2 resting_VVG in_II <sic> her_APPGE </sic> form_NN1 ._. The_AT form_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 hiding_NN1 place_NN1 hollowed_VVD out_II21 of_II22 soft_JJ grass_NN1 where_CS the_AT hare_NN1 spends_VVZ the_AT day_NNT1 resting_NN1 ._.

Leverets_NN2

Baby_NN1 hares_NN2 ,_, called_VVN leverets_NN2 ,_, are_VBR born_VVN with_IW fur_NN1 and_CC with_IW their_APPGE eyes_NN2 open_VV0 ._. The_AT doe_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 female_JJ hare_NN1 leaves_VVZ them_PPHO2 alone_JJ in_II a_AT1 form_NN1 and_CC visits_VVZ them_PPHO2 regularly_RR to_TO suckle_VVI them_PPHO2 ._.

Feeding_VVG

Hares_NN2 live_VV0 mainly_RR on_II grasses_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 also_RR damage_VV0 fruit_NN trees_NN2 and_CC vegetables_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR in_II winter_NNT1 ._.

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STOATS_NN2 AND_CC WEASELS_NN2

Stoats_NN2 and_CC weasels_NN2 are_VBR mainly_RR nocturnal_JJ ._. These_DD2 animals_NN2 are_VBR carnivores_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ they_PPHS2 eat_VV0 other_JJ animals_NN2 ._.

Scent_NN1 and_CC hearing_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ they_PPHS2 hunt_VV0 with_IW rather_CS21 than_CS22 sight_VVI ._. They_PPHS2 are_VBR quite_RG inquisitive_JJ and_CC they_PPHS2 sit_VV0 up_RP with_IW their_APPGE hind_JJ legs_NN2 to_TO look_VVI around_RP ._.

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Stoats_NN2 and_CC weasels_NN2 both_RR attack_VV0 animals_NN2 bigger_JJR than_CSN themselves_PPX2 like_II rabbits_NN2 ._.

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Rabbits_NN2 are_VBR very_RG frightened_JJ of_IO stoats_NN2 and_CC weasels_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 leap_VV0 and_CC <sic> attacks_VVZ </sic> the_AT rabbits_NN2 with_IW <sic> its_APPGE </sic> sharp_JJ claws_NN2 ._.

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Weasels_NN2 are_VBR long_JJ and_CC slender_JJ and_CC can_VM easily_RR crawl_VVI down_RP small_JJ holes_NN2 or_CC into_II cracks_NN2 in_II walls_NN2 or_CC rocks_NN2 ._.

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Weasels_NN2 follow_VV0 mice_NN2 and_CC voles_NN2 into_II their_APPGE burrows_NN2 to_TO catch_VVI them_PPHO2 ._.

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Weasels_NN2 and_CC stoats_NN2 hunt_VV0 in_II family_NN1 groups_NN2 called_VVN packs_NN2 ._.

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DEER_NN

In_II britain_NN1 deer_NN herds_NN2 are_VBR most_RGT common_JJ in_II the_AT Scottish_JJ high-lands_NN2 and_CC in_II woodland_NN1 parks_NN2 belonging_VVG to_II country_NN1 estates_NN2 ._. Deer_NN are_VBR shy_JJ of_IO strange_JJ objects_NN2 ,_, so_RR hide_VV0 in_II a_AT1 tree_NN1 or_CC be-hind_II a_AT1 wall_NN1 or_CC rock_NN1 to_TO watch_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. The_AT best_JJT time_NNT1 to_TO see_VVI deer_NN is_VBZ at_II dawn_NNT1 and_CC dusk_NNT1 ._. During_II the_AT rutting_NN1 or_CC breeding_NN1 season_NNT1 some_DD deer_NN can_VM be_VBI bad-tempered_JJ ._.

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The_AT "_" roaring_NN1 or_CC <sic> belling_NN1 </sic> "_" of_IO a_AT1 male_JJ red_JJ deer_NN is_VBZ very_RG loud_RR ._.

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In_II october_NN1 the_AT fallow_JJ buck_NN marks_VVZ out_RP a_AT1 rutting_JJ territory_NN1 ._. He_PPHS1 tears_VVZ bushes_NN2 with_IW his_APPGE antlers_NN2 ,_, <reg> scrapes_VVZ </reg> the_AT ground_NN1 with_IW his_APPGE hooves_NN2 and_CC marks_VVZ the_AT area_NN1 with_IW scent_NN1 from_II glands_NN2 under_II his_APPGE eyes_NN2 ._.

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Red_JJ deer_NN tear_VV0 down_RP twigs_NN2 and_CC buds_NN2 from_II trees_NN2 up_RG21 to_RG22 2_MC metres_NNU2 from_II the_AT ground_NN1 ._. Deer_NN have_VH0 no_AT fixed_JJ homes_NN2 ._.

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Red_NN1

Fallow_JJ

Muntjac_NN1

Reindeer_NN

Roe_NN

Sika_NN1

FALLOW_JJ DEER_NN

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BADGERS_NN2

Badgers_NN2 are_VBR common_JJ in_II britain_NN1 ,_, especially_RR in_II hilly_JJ ,_, wooded_JJ country_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 are_VBR nocturnal_JJ animals_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 hunt_VV0 ,_, eat_VV0 and_CC play_VV0 at_II night_NNT1 ._. During_II the_AT day_NNT1 ,_, they_PPHS2 rest_VV0 in_II their_APPGE underground_JJ homes_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR called_VVN setts_NN2 ._. Badgers_NN2 have_VH0 poor_JJ eyesight_NN1 ,_, but_CCB their_APPGE senses_NN2 of_IO smell_NN1 and_CC hearing_NN1 are_VBR very_RG sharp_JJ ._.

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Badgers_NN2 rub_VV0 their_APPGE fur_NN1 and_CC clean_VV0 their_APPGE claws_NN2 on_II trees_NN2 ._.

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Badgers_NN2 eat_VV0 earthworms_NN2 ,_, rabbits_NN2 ,_, fruit_NN ,_, small_JJ rodents_NN2 and_CC wasp_NN1 nests_NN2 ._.

The_AT Sett_NN1

Setts_NN2 can_VM be_VBI dug_VVN as_CSA long_JJ as_CSA 20_MC metres_NNU2 and_CC are_VBR often_RR on_II more_RR21 than_RR22 one_MC1 level_NN1 with_IW several_DA2 entrances_NN2 ._. Sometimes_RT badgers_NN2 can_VM share_VVI their_APPGE sett_NN1 with_IW foxes_NN2 ._. Every_AT1 winter_NNT1 ,_, the_AT badgers_NN2 clean_VV0 their_APPGE sett_NN1 out_RP ._.

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THE_AT SETT_NN1

Ventilation_NN1 hole_NN1

Mound_NN1 of_IO earth_NN1

Entrance_NN1

Sleeping_JJ chambers_NN2

Breeding_NN1 chamber_NN1

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SQUIRRELS_NN2

Most_DAT red_JJ squirrels_NN2 live_VV0 in_II forests_NN2 of_IO coniferous_JJ trees_NN2 ,_, like_II pine_NN1 and_CC fir_NN1 ,_, in_II remote_JJ areas_NN2 ._. Although_CS squirrels_NN2 will_VM dart_VVI away_RL if_CS anyone_PN1 disturbs_VVZ them_PPHO2 ,_, they_PPHS2 will_VM come_VVI back_RP and_CC look_NN1 who_PNQS the_AT thing_NN1 is_VBZ ._. Unlike_II most_DAT animals_NN2 ,_, Squirrels_NN2 can_VM use_VVI their_APPGE forepaws_NN2 as_CSA hands_NN2 ._. The_AT big_JJ bushy_JJ tail_NN1 helps_VVZ the_AT squirrel_NN1 to_TO balance_VVI as_CSA it_PPH1 runs_VVZ along_RP branches_NN2 and_CC jumps_VVZ from_II tree_NN1 to_II tree_NN1 ._. Squirrels_NN2 can_VM leap_VVI as_RG far_RR as_CSA five_MC metres_NNU2 or_CC more_RRR between_II branches_NN2 ._.

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Nests_NN2 ,_, called_VVN dreys_NN2 are_VBR about_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO <sic> an_AT1 </sic> football_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 are_VBR made_VVN from_II twigs_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT inside_NN1 is_VBZ covered_VVN with_IW moss_NN1 and_CC leaves_NN2 ._.

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Squirrels_NN2 eat_VV0 seeds_NN2 ,_, buds_NN2 ,_, fungi_NN2 ,_, cones_NN2 and_CC fruits_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 favourite_JJ feeding_JJ place_NN1 ,_, like_II a_AT1 tree_NN1 stump_NN1 ._.

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Every_AT1 Autumn_NNT1 ,_, squirrels_NN2 bury_VV0 or_CC hide_VV0 their_APPGE food_NN1 ._. Some_DD of_IO it_PPH1 is_VBZ eaten_VVN during_II the_AT winter_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB most_DAT is_VBZ forgotten_VVN and_CC lost_VVD ._.

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BATS_NN2

Bats_NN2 are_VBR the_AT only_JJ mammals_NN2 that_CST can_VM fly_VVI ._. Their_APPGE finger_NN1 bones_NN2 are_VBR very_RG long_JJ ,_, and_CC skin_NN1 is_VBZ <reg> stretched_VVN </reg> over_II them_PPHO2 to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 wing_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ attached_VVN to_II the_AT hind_JJ leg_NN1 ._. When_RRQ bats_NN2 fly_VV0 ,_, they_PPHS2 spread_VV0 their_APPGE hind_JJ legs_NN2 to_TO keep_VVI the_AT wings_NN2 open_VV0 ._. Most_DAT European_JJ bats_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 skin_NN1 that_CST stretches_VVZ between_II their_APPGE legs_NN2 ,_, enclosing_VVG the_AT tail_NN1 ._. This_DD1 skin_NN1 can_VM be_VBI formed_VVN into_II a_AT1 pouch_NN1 for_IF catching_VVG flying_JJ insects_NN2 ._. Bats_NN2 live_VV0 in_II woodland_NN1 and_CC near_JJ lakes_NN2 and_CC streams_NN2 ._.

Pipistrelles_NN2

You_PPY may_VM see_VVI <reg> pipistrelles_NN2 </reg> in_II towns_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 in_II the_AT country_NN1 ._. Their_APPGE flight_NN1 is_VBZ quick_JJ and_CC jerky_JJ ._. However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ almost_RR impossible_JJ to_TO know_VVI a_AT1 particular_JJ species_NN of_IO bat_NN1 in_II flight_NN1 ,_, because_CS they_PPHS2 all_DB look_VV0 alike_RR in_II the_AT dark_NN1 ._.

Greater_JJR Horseshoe_NN1 bats_NN2

Horseshoe_NN1 bats_NN2 get_VV0 their_APPGE name_NN1 from_II the_AT shape_NN1 of_IO the_AT <sic> freshly_RR </sic> part_NN1 of_IO the_AT nose_NN1 called_VVN the_AT "_" nose-leaf_NN1 ._. "_" The_AT greater_JJR Horseshoe_NN1 bats_NN2 <sic> flies_VVZ </sic> very_RG low_JJ and_CC picks_VVZ up_RP insects_NN2 from_II the_AT ground_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 in_II the_AT air_NN1 ._.

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HUNTING_NN1 IN_II THE_AT DARK_NN1

Echoes_NN2

Bats_NN2 rely_VV0 on_II their_APPGE sharp_JJ hearing_NN1 to_TO hunt_VVI in_II the_AT dark_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 make_VV0 high-_NN1 <reg> pitched_VVD </reg> noises_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 fly_VV0 ._. From_II the_AT returning_JJ echoes_NN2 ,_, bats_NN2 can_VM tell_VVI the_AT exact_JJ position_NN1 of_IO flying_JJ insects_NN2 ._.

Pipistrelles_NN2

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MOLES_NN2

Moles_NN2 live_VV0 almost_RR anywhere_RL where_CS the_AT soil_NN1 is_VBZ soft_JJ enough_RR to_TO dig_VVI and_CC where_RRQ earthworms_NN2 are_VBR plentiful_JJ ._. Moles_NN2 are_VBR found_VVN on_II farmland_NN1 ,_, parks_NN2 and_CC on_II football_NN1 fields_NN2 ._. They_PPHS2 live_VV0 alone_JJ and_CC spend_VV0 most_DAT of_IO their_APPGE time_NNT1 underground_RL ._. They_PPHS2 are_VBR mainly_RR nocturnal_JJ ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 sometimes_RT appear_VV0 during_II the_AT day_NNT1 ._. Spring_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT breeding_NN1 season_NNT1 for_IF them_PPHO2 ._. Moles_NN2 have_VH0 soft_JJ grey-black_JJ ,_, velvety_JJ fur_NN1 which_DDQ lies_VVZ smoothly_RR in_II any_DD direction_NN1 ._. The_AT snout_NN1 is_VBZ pink_JJ and_CC very_RG sensitive_JJ ._. They_PPHS2 hear_VV0 quite_RG well_RR ,_, but_CCB their_APPGE small_JJ eyes_NN2 are_VBR covered_VVN by_II fur_NN1 or_CC skin_NN1 ._.

A_AT1 sure_JJ sign_NN1 of_IO moles_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 series_NN of_IO small_JJ heaps_NN2 of_IO earth_NN1 called_VVN molehills_NN2 ._. These_DD2 are_VBR mainly_RR made_VVN by_II moles_NN2 pushing_VVG surplus_JJ soil_NN1 out_RP from_II their_APPGE burrows_NN2 ._. If_CS the_AT earth_NN1 is_VBZ fresh_JJ ,_, the_AT molehill_NN1 is_VBZ new_JJ ._. Older_JJR ones_NN2 have_VH0 grass_NN1 growing_VVG on_II them_PPHO2 ._. An_AT1 extra_JJ large_JJ molehill_NN1 is_VBZ called_VVN a_AT1 fortress_NN1 ._. Inside_RL is_VBZ a_AT1 nest_NN1 for_IF sleeping_NN1 lined_VVN with_IW dead_JJ leaves_NN2 ,_, moss_NN1 and_CC grass_NN1 ._. A_AT1 smaller_JJR fortress_NN1 is_VBZ for_IF breeding_NN1 ._. Burrows_NP1 are_VBR so_RG narrow_JJ that_CST a_AT1 mole_NN1 's_GE fur_NN1 is_VBZ <reg> squeezed_VVN </reg> clean_JJ as_CSA it_PPH1 travels_VVZ through_RP ._. Hunting_NN1 burrows_NN2 are_VBR deeper_JJR ._.

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molehills_NN2

Fortress_NN1

NEST_NN1

Exit_VV0 tunnels_NN2 lead_VV0 to_II the_AT surface_NN1 at_II an_AT1 angle_NN1

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Mole_NN1

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HEDGEHOGS_NN2

Hedgehogs_NN2 are_VBR common_JJ ,_, and_CC are_VBR one_MC1 of_IO the_AT easiest_JJT mammals_NN2 to_TO watch_VVI ._. Hedgehogs_NN2 grunt_VV0 and_CC snuffle_NN1 and_CC sometimes_RT squeal_VV0 loudly_RR ._. When_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR frightened_JJ ,_, <sic> a_AT1 hedgehog_NN1 rolls_VVZ </sic> itself_PPX1 into_II a_AT1 tight_JJ ball_NN1 with_IW <sic> its_APPGE </sic> prickles_NN2 sticking_VVG up_RP ._. Many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 are_VBR killed_VVN by_II cars_NN2 ._. In_II winter_NNT1 ,_, hibernating_VVG <reg> Hedgehogs_NN2 </reg> often_RR die_VV0 when_RRQ rubbish_NN1 dumps_NN2 and_CC piles_NN2 of_IO leaves_NN2 are_VBR burnt_VVN ._. Baby_NN1 hedgehogs_NN2 are_VBR born_VVN blind_JJ ._. Their_APPGE spines_NN2 are_VBR soft_JJ at_RR21 first_RR22 ,_, but_CCB when_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 hardened_VVN ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR sharp_JJ ._. A_AT1 female_JJ Hedgehog_NN1 is_VBZ called_VVN a_AT1 sow_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 male_JJ Hedgehog_NN1 is_VBZ known_VVN as_II a_AT1 boar_NN1 ._. Hedgehogs_NN2 hibernate_VV0 from_II late_JJ october_NN1 to_TO march_VVI in_II a_AT1 nest_NN1 of_IO grass_NN1 ,_, moss_NN1 and_CC leaves_NN2 ._.

Hedgehogs_NN2 will_VM eat_VVI things_NN2 like_II frogs_NN2 ,_, birds_NN2 ,_, eggs_NN2 and_CC even_RR adders_NN2 ._.

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