For Kugler, in 1842, art in Umbria followed the 'current of life' of an area which was the 'seat of religious enthusiasm'. It was therefore characterized by 'purity of soul, fervent unearthly longings, and an abandonment of the whole being to a pleasing-sad, enthusiastic tenderness' ( Kugler, ed. Eastlake, Handbook of the History of Painting, Part One, The Italian Schools, First Edition, p. 153).
Painters who have been classified with the Umbrians include Perugino and Pinturicchio (both of them classed with Fra Angelico by Ruskin at Works, 4.xxxiv as examples of pure religious art, though both defined by him as members of the Florentine school at Works, 30.183). Other painters with a claim to being members of the Umbrian school include Francia (who was from Bologna but was influenced by the style of Perugino), and Raphael as a pupil of Perugino.