The role of feedback in the design of learning activities
David Griffiths, Institute for Educational Cybernetics, University of Bolton, Lancashire, UK, Griff Richards, Michelle Harrison, Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning, British Columbia, Canada
Learning Analytics plays an increasingly important role in informing educational institutions about their performance, and in supplying them with data on which they can guide their future policy. In this paper we analyse the challenges involved in obtaining useful data about learning activities, and in responding appropriately to them. The paper describes a case study carried out at the Open Learning Division of Thompson Rivers University which sought to lay the groundwork for an enhancement of instructional design practice by identifying the factors which are responsible for the success or failure of learning activities. The responsibility for development of learning activities lies principally with the Instructional Design team. The five members of this team were interviewed, and their perspectives were supplemented by interviews with eight lecturers, academic managers, and those responsible for faculty development. The 13 interviews were transcribed, and Qualitative Data Analysis techniques applied to draw out the principal themes. This process identified factors determining the success of learning activities, and requests for feedback, which will feed into the collection of data from students as they take their courses. On examination of the data valuable information was found which went beyond the original scope of the inquiry. This concerned, first, the methods, problems and workarounds in the instructional design group when defining activities; and second, the organisational, technical and policy constraints on the design group, and their consequences. The perceived flows of feedback within the learning activity process were analysed, from the perspective of the instructional designers, and an explanation for the barriers encountered is proposed in terms of variety management. The instructional design team is required to use its experience to resolve issues which are too complex for formal analysis, and the principal problems are identified. It is proposed that (a) documents should be developed to represent agreed practice in dealing with these problems so as to reduce cognitive load on the instructional designers; and (b) that the collection of data on learning activities should be focused on confirming the accuracy of the suppositions and mechanisms implied in this practice.
Keywords
Learning activity, learning analytics, feedback, variety, distributed cognition, viability
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