{"id":5389,"date":"2020-04-01T14:02:21","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T14:02:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/?page_id=5389"},"modified":"2024-07-25T21:01:48","modified_gmt":"2024-07-25T21:01:48","slug":"habana","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/es\/ciudades\/habana\/","title":{"rendered":"La Habana"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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La Habana, Cuba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cuba\u2019s territory is divided into 15 provinces, plus the special\u00a0municipality of The Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth). Havana\u00a0<\/span>City is the only city province, with a population of 2.1m, at an\u00a0<\/span>average density of 2,925 residents per square km.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The settlement in which we are working is located on the top of the basin of the Havana Bay, in the Consejo Popular Casa Blanca, where around 1,000 families (5,000 people) live, largely migrants originating from the eastern parts of Cuba.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cIn Havana, in the late 1920s, appeared a number of improvised settlements, lacking infrastructure, known at the time as barrios de indigentes (shantytowns). They constituted the only housing option for the poor. While the city was expanding with new land being urbanized and buildings growing higher, widening housing alternatives for the middle class, impoverished citizens were left destitute.” <\/p>

– Zardoya<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Between 1919 and 1931 there were three new residents per hour in the city. Many of them went to these shantytowns.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The country development model was markedly\u00a0unequal <\/span>until 1959<\/strong> with the capital seen as the most privileged space.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Cuban Revolution of 1959 implemented spatial practices\u00a0that secured universal access to basic resources of social\u00a0<\/span>reproduction such as education, health care, housing, food\u00a0<\/span>and water. <\/span>At the time of the revolution, 6%<\/b> of Havana residents\u00a0lived in squatter settlements.\u00a0<\/span>They were known as barrios de indigentes<\/strong> \u2013\u00a0<\/span>or literally \u201cneighbourhoods of the poor (or indigent or\u00a0<\/span>destitute)\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Between 1959 \u2013 1990 the country started to show a more balanced development, especially in\u00a0<\/span>the policy towards informal\u00a0<\/span>settlements.\u00a0<\/span>During 1960 and 1961, the largest and worst of these\u00a0<\/span>shantytowns were demolished; their residents built\u00a0<\/span>replacement housing through the Self-Help and Mutual Aid\u00a0<\/span>Programme. The remaining shantytowns were renamed <\/span>barrios insalubres<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u201cunhealthy neighbour- hoods\u201d, shifting\u00a0<\/span>the focus from the economic status of their residents to the\u00a0<\/span>quality of the housing and settlements.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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By 1987, Havana had 15,975 units in shantytowns, <\/span>representing less than 3 per cent of all Havana <\/span>dwellings.<\/span><\/p>\n

But by 2001, the city had  a total of 21,552 units; a <\/span>little more than a quarter of such units nationally. <\/span>This 50% growth was seen as the result of an increase in net migration to Havana, especially from the less developed <\/span>eastern provinces, and led to the 1997 migration law.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0<\/p>

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Nowadays these shantytowns are scattered throughout the\u00a0city except for in a few central areas.<\/span><\/p>

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The Settlement<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The settlement comprises two so-called sectors (sectores)\u00a0defined by the local bylaws (regulaciones urban\u00edsticas) as\u00a0<\/span>eradication sectors (SE) (SE-2 Fuerte San Diego, SE-4 San\u00a0<\/span>Nicol\u00e1s ). They are the result of the combination of the\u00a0<\/span>migration pressures occurred during the 90 \u0301s and the\u00a0<\/span>weakening of the law enforcement and urban control\u00a0<\/span>capacities proper of that period. One of them occupies a\u00a0<\/span>heritage relevant site; The Hornabeque San Diego, where\u00a0<\/span>there are around 87 households (38 in early 90 \u0301s) whereas\u00a0the other one is an average informal settlement with a poorly\u00a0<\/span>defined urban structure, houses built with relatively low\u00a0<\/span>quality materials and with poor infrastructure. There were 392\u00a0<\/span>households in 2015 that are the main focus of attention of the\u00a0<\/span>project.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The site is paradoxically well located and at the same time\u00a0isolated a condition that made it attractive and that facilitated\u00a0the occupation respectively. The occupation of the\u00a0homonymous former estate where there was once upon a time\u00a0a trees nursery started in the early 90. Nowadays none of the\u00a0houses has is officially registered and the services that are\u00a0provided are illegal. According to (Renda Goulet 2017) in 2004\u00a0there was an attempt to eradicate the site and 25 houses\u00a0demolished. The action shows the level of contestation of the\u00a0site and reflects the prevailing policy towards this kind of\u00a0settlements. There is not registry of similar actions recently.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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La Habana, Cuba Cuba\u2019s territory is divided into 15 provinces, plus the special\u00a0municipality of The Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth). Havana\u00a0City is the only city province, with a population of 2.1m, at an\u00a0average density of 2,925 residents per square km. The settlement in which we are working is located on the top of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":5197,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5389","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5389"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6751,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5389\/revisions\/6751"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5197"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/great\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}