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2.28 Standard limits of functions

The following results are widely used in calculations. The results (i)-(viii) follow from the earlier discussion of the exponential function.

Standard limits

For a>0a>0, the following hold:

(i) ea⁢x→∞e^{ax}\rightarrow\infty as x→∞x\rightarrow\infty;

(ii) e-a⁢x→0e^{-ax}\rightarrow 0 as x→∞x\rightarrow\infty;

(iii) xa→∞x^{a}\rightarrow\infty as x→∞x\rightarrow\infty;

(iv) xa→0x^{a}\rightarrow 0 as x→0+x\rightarrow 0+;

(v) log⁡x→∞\log x\rightarrow\infty as x→∞x\rightarrow\infty;

(vi) log⁡x→-∞\log x\rightarrow-\infty as x→0+x\rightarrow 0+;

(vii) rx→∞r^{x}\rightarrow\infty as x→∞x\rightarrow\infty for r>1r>1;

(viii) rx→0r^{x}\rightarrow 0 as x→∞x\rightarrow\infty for 0<r<10<r<1;

(ix) sin⁡xx→1{{\sin x}\over{x}}\rightarrow 1 as x→0x\rightarrow 0;

(x) tan-1⁡x→π/2\tan^{-1}x\rightarrow\pi/2 as x→∞x\rightarrow\infty.