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4.41 Trig functions in terms of zz

Trigonometric functions in terms of complex exponentials

(i) Let z=ei⁢θz=e^{i\theta}. Then

2⁢cos⁡θ=z+1z,  2⁢i⁢sin⁡θ=z-1z.2\cos\theta=z+{{1}\over{z}},\qquad 2i\sin\theta=z-{{1}\over{z}}.

This is equivalent to

2⁢cos⁡θ=ei⁢θ+e-i⁢θ,  2⁢i⁢sin⁡θ=ei⁢θ-e-i⁢θ.2\cos\theta=e^{i\theta}+e^{-i\theta},\qquad 2i\sin\theta=e^{i\theta}-e^{-i% \theta}.