Home page for accesible maths 5.1 Useful mathematical identities

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Geometric type sums

Partial geometric sum:

Sm = 1+x+x2+…+xm
= ∑i=0mxi
= 1-xm+11-x

Geometric sum:

S∞ = 1+x+x2+…
= ∑i=0∞xi
= 11-x

for |x|<1.

Weighted geometric sum:

Using the result for geometric sums similar results can be derived. Since

(1-x)-1=1+x+x2+…=∑i=0∞xi

then by differentiating, term by term, each side with respect to x gives

(1-x)-2 = 1+2⁢x+3⁢x2+…
= ∑i=1∞i⁢xi-1
2⁢(1-x)-3 = 2+6⁢x+12⁢x2+…
= ∑i=2∞i⁢(i-1)⁢xi-2