Research studies that examine the effects of the changes in US federal policies regarding cash welfare receipt embodied in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PROWRA) of 1996. These studies particularly focus on its repeal of the Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program and its replacement with Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) block grants, which increased requirements for employment even for parents of very young children and set lifetime time limits on the receipt of cash assistance. As a result, single mothers who had been receiving cash assistance while remaining out of the labor force were under considerable pressure to begin to engage in work-related activities and to find employment that would provide sufficient income to replace cash assistance. Welfare-to-work studies were aimed at following women as they attempted to make this transition.