Volume 7 (2) 2015

KEEPING THE UPPER-HAND: PRAGMATIC TECHNIQUES IN THE MEDIA INTERVIEW  Pages 180-199

Martin Tilney

 Download Full Text

  • A critical approach to media discourse analysis sheds light on the way that individuals and institutions maintain certain ideologies in spite of the apparent neutrality of journalistic discourse.  In media interviews, the interviewer can use pragmatic techniques to elicit agreement and maintain the question-answer format.  This paper explores how metapragmatic acts (MPAs) and extended question sequences (EQSs) affect the interviewee’s responses in two television interviews concerning political issues in China.  The aim of this paper is not to comment on the ideologies implicit in the discourse, but rather to exemplify the ways in which the aforementioned pragmatic techniques play a role in the media interview. Throughout this analysis, attention is paid to the interviewer’s questions and how the given responses are affected.  I conclude that EQSs are more effective than MPAs, and that both are used by the interviewer to repair tacit political opinions.

    1. Clayman, S.E. (1988). Displaying neutrality in television news. Social Problems 35 (4): 474-492.
    2. Fairclough, N.L. (1985). Critical and descriptive goals in discourse analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 9: 739-763.
    3. Gardner, R. (2004). On delaying the answer: Question sequences extended after the question. In R. Gardner and J. Wagner (eds.), Second Language Conversations. London: Continuum. pp. 246-266.
    4. Greatbatch, D. (1988). A turn-taking system for British news interviews. Language and Society 17: 401-430.
    5. Ho, S. (2009). China discusses Darfur prosecution. Voice of America. Retrieved May 18, 2010 from http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-01-08-voa14-68761447.html
    6. Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G.H. Lerner (ed.), Conversation Analysis: Studies From the First Generation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp.13-31.
    7. Levinson, S.C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    8. Montgomery, M. (2008). The discourse of the broadcast news interview: A typology. Journalism Studies 9 (2): 260-277.
    9. Mahbubani, K. (2010). Western slant on China skews shape of things to come. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/western-slant-on-china-skews-shape-of-things-to-come-20100518-vc1q.html
    10. Negus, G. (Reporter). (2007a). (2007, May 23). Dateline [Television broadcast]. Australia: Special Broadcasting Service.  Retrieved May 3, 2010, from                  http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/watch/id/130783/n/Will-Hutton-Interview
    11. Negus, G. (Reporter). (2007b). (2007, May 30). Dateline [Television broadcast]. Australia: Special Broadcasting Service.  Retrieved May 3, 2010, from http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/watch/id/130786/n/Xinran-Xue-Interview
    12. Negus, G. (Reporter). (2008). (2008, August 6). Dateline [Television broadcast]. Australia: Special Broadcasting Service.  Retrieved May 3, 2010, from http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/about/id/553309/n/Ambassador-Liu-Guijin-Interview
    13. Reeves, E. (2007). China, Darfur and the Olympics: Tarnishing the torch? Retrieved May 18, 2010 from www.globefordarfur.org/docs/TarnishingTheTorch.pdf
    14. Sacks, H. (1992). Adjacency pairs: Scope of operation. In G. Jefferson (ed.), Lectures on Conversation.  Oxford: Blackwell.  pp.521-532.
    15. Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics 4 (2): 91-112.
    16. Thomas, J.A. (1985). The language of power: Towards a dynamic pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics 9 (6): 765-783.
    17. van Dijk, T.A. (2000).  New(s) racism: A discourse analytical approach. Retrieved May 3, 2010, from www.discourses.org/…/New(s)%20racism%20-%20A%20discourse%20analytical%20approach.pdf
    18. Wodak, R. (2007). Pragmatics and critical discourse analysis: A cross-disciplinary inquiry. Pragmatics & Cognition 15 (1): 203-225.
    19. Wong, E. (2010). Official in China says Western-style democracy won’t take root there. The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2010 from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/21/world/asia/21china.html

    .

MULTIMODAL NARRATIVE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR SOCIAL CHANGE: REINVENTING DEMOCRACY IN SPAIN – THE CASE OF 15M  Pages 200-221

Nicolina Montesano Montessori & Esperanza Morales López

 Download Full Text

  • This article provides a description of the emergence of the Spanish ‘Occupy’ movement, Democracia real ya. The aim is to analyse the innovative discursive features of this movement and to connect this analysis to what we consider the innovative potential of the critical sciences. The movement is the result of a spontaneous uprising that appeared on the main squares of Madrid and Barcelona on 15 May 2011 and then spread to other Spanish cities. This date gave it its name: 15M. While the struggle for democracy in Spain is certainly not new, the 15M group shows a series of innovative features. These include the emphasis on peaceful struggle and the imaginary of a new democracy or worldview, transmitted through innovative placards and slogans designed by Spanish citizens. We consider these innovative not only due to their creativity, but also because of their use as a form of civil action. Our argument is that these placards both functioned as a sign of protest and, in combination with the demonstrations and the general dynamics of 15M, helped to reframe the population’s understanding of the crisis and rearticulate the identity of the citizens from victims to agents. In order to analyse the multimodal character of this struggle, we developed an interdisciplinary methodology, which combines socio-cognitive approaches that consider ideological proposals as socio-cognitive constructs (i.e. the notion of narrative or cognitive frame), and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in the analysis of discourses related to processes of social imagination and transformation. The socio-constructivist perspective is used to consider these discourses in relation to their actors, particular contexts and actions. The use of CDA, which included a careful rhetoric analysis, helped to analyse the process of deconstruction, transformation and reconstruction that 15M uses to maintain its struggle. The narrative analysis and the discursive theoretical concept of articulation helped to methodologically show aspects of the process of change alluded to above. This change was both in terms of cognition and in the modification of identity that turned a large part of the Spanish population from victims to indignados and to the neologism indignadanos, which is a composition of indignado and ciudadano (citizen).

    1. Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine Books.
    2. Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry 18 (1): 1-21.
    3. Capra, F. (1996).  La Trama de la Vida: Una Nueva Perspectiva de los Sistemas Vivos.  Barcelona: Anagrama.
    4. Castañeda, E. (2012). The Indignados of Spain: A precedent to Occupy Wallstreet. Social Movement Studies 11 (3-4): 309-319.
    5. Castelló, I. and D. Barberá-Tomás (2012). Spanish Occupy and the boundary political opportunities that mobilize. Paper presented at nSICE, Copenhagen, 16 November.
    6. Castells, M. (2012). Redes de Indignación y de Esperanza. Madrid: Alianza.
    7. Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice.
    8. London: Routledge.
    9. Damasio, A. R. (2010). Y el Cerebro Creó al Hombre. ¿Cómo pudo el Cerebro General Emociones, Sentimientos y el yo? Barcelona: Destino.
    10. Fuster Morell, M. (2012). The free culture and 15M movements in Spain: Composition, social networks and synergies. Social Movement Studies 11 (3-4): 386-392.
    11. Georgakopoulou, A. (2011). Narrative. In J. Zienkowski, J. O. Ötsman and J. Verschueren (eds.), Discursive Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 190-207.
    12. Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.
    13. Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.
    14. Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    15. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994, 2nd ed.) Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
    16. Hample, D., B. Warner and D. Young (2009). Framing and editing interpersonal arguments. Argumentation 23: 21-37.
    17. Ives, P. (2004). Language & Hegemony in Gramsci. London: Pluto Press.
    18. Jessop, B. (1982). The Capitalist State. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
    19. Jessop, B. (2002). The Future of the Capitalist State. Cambridge: Polity Press.
    20. Jessop, B. (2004). Critical semiotic analysis and cultural political economy. Cultural Political Economy Working Paper Series, Working Paper, 1, Institute for Advanced Studies in Social and Management Science, University of Lancaster.
    21. Kress, G. and T. van Leeuwen (1996). Reading Images. The Grammar of Visual Design. London, New York: Routledge.
    22. Laclau, E. (1990). New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time. London: New York: Verso.
    23. Laclau, E. and Ch. Mouffe (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso.
    24. Lakoff, G. (2006). Thinking Points: Communicating our American Values and Vision. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
    25. Maturana, H. (1996). La Realidad: ¿Objetiva o Construida?, vol. 2. Barcelona / México DF.: Anthropos, Universidad Iberoamericana.
    26. Maturana, H. (2006). Self-consciousness: How? When? Where? Constructivist Foundations 1 (3): 91-102.
    27. Maturana, H. and F. Varela (1990). El Árbol del Conocimiento. Las bases Biológicas del Conocimiento Humano. Barcelona: 1999.
    28. Montesano Montessori, N. (2009). A Discursive Analysis of the Struggle for Hegemony in Mexico. The Zapatista Movement versus Presidente Salinas de Gortari. Saarbrüchen: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.
    29. Montesano Montessori, N. (2011). The design of a theoretical, methodological, analytical framework to analyse hegemony in discourse, Critical Discourse Studies 8 (3): 169-181.
    30. Montesano Montessori, N. (2013). Un análisis discursivo comparativo entre las narrativas del Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) y del ex presidente Salinas de Gortari. Sociolinguistic Studies 7 (3): 293-320.
    31. Montesano Montessori, N. (2014). The potential of narrative strategies in the discursive
    32. construction of hegemonic positions and social change. In B. Kaal, I. Maks and A. van Elfrinkhof (eds.),  From Text to Political Positions State-of-the-art approaches to estimating party positions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publications.
    33. Morales López, E. (2011). Hacia dónde va el Análisis del Discurso. Tonos digital, 21 http://www.um.es/tonosdigital/znum21/secciones/estudios-21-discurso.htm. Accessed January 10, 2013.
    34. Morales López, E. (2012). Discourses of social change in contemporary democracies: The ideological construction of an Ecuadorian women’s group based on “solidarity economy and finance, Text and Talk. An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse and Communication Studies, 32 (3), 329-348.
    35. Morales López, E. (2013). Anàlisi del discurs i complexitat, Llengua, Societat i Comunicació 11: 55-61.
    36. Morales López, E. (2014). La reflexión meta-discursiva como función comunicatava en el procese de construcción de discursos de cambio social en un grupo de mujeres.  Sociolinguistic Studies 8 (2): 249-269.
    37. Mouffe, Ch. (1993 / 2005). The Return of the Political. London, New York: Verso.
    38. Nerlich, B., D. D. Clarke and R. Dingwall (2000). Clones and crops: The use of stock characters and word play in two debates about bioengineering. Metaphor and Symbol 15 (4): 223-239.
    39. Pujante, D. (2003). Manual de Retórica. Madrid, Castalia.
    40. Pujante, D. (2011). Teoría del discurso retórico aplicada a los nuevos lenguajes. El complejo predominio de la elocutio. Rétor 1 (2): 186-214.
    41. Pujante, D. and E. Morales-López (2013). Discurso (discurso político), constructivismo y retórica: los eslóganes del 15-M, Language, Discourse, & Society 2 (2): 32-59 (open access: http://www.language-and-society.org/journal/issues.html).
    42. Reisigl, M. and R. Wodak (2001). Discourse and Discrimination. Rhetorics of Racism and Anti-Semitism. London: Routledge.
    43. Sayer, A. (2015).  Why We Can’t Afford the Rich.  Bristol: Polity Press.
    44. Scollon, R. (2008). Analyzing Public Discourse. Discourse Analysis in the Making of Public Policy. London, New York: Routledge.
    45. Somers, M. R. (1994). The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach. Theory and Society 23: 605-649.
    46. Varela, F., E. Thompson and E. Rosch (1997). De Cuerpo Presente. Las Ciencias Cognitivas y la Experiencia Humana. Barcelona: Gedisa.
    47. Wodak, R., R. De Cillia, M. Reisigl and K. Liebhart (1999 / 2009). The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    .

CONTESTING HEGEMONIC GENDER AND SEXUALITY DISCOURSES ON THE WEB: LATVIAN AND POLISH DISCOURSES OF GENDER DISSIDENTS  Pages 222-242

Joanna Chojnicka

 Download Full Text

  • Embedded in the framework of positive discourse analysis (PDA), this article investigates the discourse of gender dissidents using the example of Latvian and Polish LGBTQ and feminist blogs. It introduces the distinction between narrative and argumentative blogs, the former representing two types of discourse (normalizing and celebratory) and the latter making use of four different strategies of challenging mainstream frames (inversion, complexification, partial reframing and radical reframing), in their ironic and non-ironic variants. The discussion focuses on the latter. The article argues that the discourse of dissidents may be conceptualized in terms of responding to previously raised hegemonic/mainstream validity claims. Any text belonging to the gender dissident discourse is more or less explicitly positioned with regard to the claims of hetero-normativity and/or male dominance (patriarchy). A claim may be accepted, rejected, reversed, built upon, extended or reclaimed. On the basis of a qualitative analysis of 30 Polish and 19 Latvian LGBTQ/feminist blogs, the article revises some theoretical and methodological assumptions made in previous works, as well as suggests more general conclusions pertaining to the social media discourse of gender dissidents in Latvia and Poland.

    1. Amnesty International (2006). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights in Poland and Latvia. London: Amnesty International.
    2. Bartlett, T. (2012). Hybrid Voices and Collaborative Change: Conceptualizing Positive Discourse Analysis. New York: Routledge.
    3. Berger, A. (2004). Media Analysis Techniques. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
    4. Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
    5. Chilton, P. and R. Wodak (2005). Preface. In R. Wodak and P. Chilton (eds.), A New Agenda in (Critical) Discourse Analysis. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. xi- xviii.
    6. Chojnicka, J. (2013). Questions in Latvian and Polish parliamentary debates: A comparative study. Lingua Posnaniensis 55 (1): 37-54.
    7. Chojnicka, J. (in print). Homophobic speech in post-socialist media: A preliminary typology of homophobic manipulative discourse. To be published in: The Journal of Language and Sexuality.
    8. Clarke, V., Ellis, S.J., Peel, E. and D. W. Riggs (2010). Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans & Queer Psychology. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    9. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing.
    10. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse – Textual Analysis for Social Research. New York: Routledge.
    11. Fairclough, N. (2006). Language and Globalization. London, New York: Routledge.
    12. Gibbs, R. W. (2000). Irony in talk among friends. Metaphor and Symbol 15:
      5-27.
    13. Graff, A. (2010). Niebezpieczne związki, czyli: gender – seksualność – naród. In J. Kochanowski, M. Abramowicz and R. Biedroń (eds.), Queer studies. Podręcznik kursu. Warszawa: Kampania Przeciw Homofobii. pp. 125-137.
    14. Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
    15. Habermas, J. (1998). On the Pragmatics of Communication. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
    16. Kochanowski, J. (2004). Fantazmat ZróżNICowany. Socjologiczne studium przemian tożsamości gejów. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Universitas.
    17. Kristeva, J. (1986). The Kristeva Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
    18. Macgilchrist, F. (2007). Positive Discourse Analysis: Contesting dominant discourses by reframing the issues. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines 1 (1): 74-94.
    19. Martin, J. R. (2004). Positive Discourse Analysis: Solidarity and change. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 49: 179-200.
    20. Martin, J.R. and D. Rose (2003). Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    21. Nowak, S. (2013). Seksualny kapitał. Wyobrażone wspólnoty smaku i medialne tożsamości polskich gejów. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Universitas.
    22. O’Dwyer, C. and K.Z.S. Schwartz (2010). Minority rights after EU enlargement: A comparison of antigay politics in Poland and Latvia. Comparative European Politics 8 (2): 220-243.
    23. Sorea, D. (2002). Pregnant self and lost identity in Ana Blandiana’s ‘Children’s Crusade’: An ironical echo of the patriarchal pro-natality discourse in communist Romania. In L. Litosseliti and J. Sunderland (eds.) Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 277-292.
    24. van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society 4 (2): 249-283.
    25. Wodak, R. (2002). Aspects of Critical Discourse Analysis. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik 36: 5-31.

DISCOURSE MATTERS: LOCALNESS AS A SOURCE OF AUTHENTICITY IN CRAFT BUSINESSES IN PERIPHERAL MINORITY LANGUAGE SITES  Pages 243-262

Kati Dlaske

 Download Full Text

  • ‘Localness’ has gained currency as a source of authenticity and distinction in the niche marketing of the globalised new economy. This has created opportunities for peripheral minority language sites to capitalise on their geographically and culturally peripheral location, and has lifted tourism and handicraft industries to key sites of socio-economic development in these regions. Although ‘localness’ may seem like a ready source of economic gain in cultural production in such sites, it does not come without consequences for the cultural entrepreneurs. This paper explores what is at stake for cultural entrepreneurs in the promotion of localness as a source of authenticity. The study focuses on two ceramic artists working in two peripheral minority language contexts, Sámiland in northern Lapland, and the Dingle Peninsula in the West of Ireland. Drawing on a nexus analytical approach combining multimodal discourse analysis and ethnographic approaches, the study investigates how the two artists draw and struggle to draw on the idea of localness in their work, examines the practices and semiotic resources they utilise, and explores the conditions and consequences of these discursive and material investments. The examination draws attention to how authenticities are always political, and, although discursively produced, have very material consequences for the actors involved in their production. On a broader plane, the study provides insight into how discourse ‘matters’ (in both senses of the expression) in contemporary conditions, in which identity, culture and creativity have become major economic resources.

    1. Bakhtin , M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin. Trans. C. Emerson and M. Holquist . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    2. Bakhtin, M. (1968). Rabelais and His World. Trans. H. Iswosky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    3. Blommaert J. (2005). Discourse. A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    4. Blommaert, J. (2010). The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    5. Bröckling, U. (2007). Das unternehmerische Selbst. Soziologie einer Subjektivierungsform [The entrepreneurial self. A sociology of a form of subjectification]. Fankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
    6. Cavanaugh, J. R. and S. Shankar (2014). Producing authenticity in global capitalism: Language, materiality and value. American Anthropologist 116 (1): 51-64.
    7. Coupland, N., Garret, P. and B. Hywel (2005). Wales underground. Discursive frames and authenticities in Welsh mining heritage tourism events. In A. Jaworski and A. Pritchard (eds.), Discourse, Communication, and Tourism. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. pp. 199-222.
    8. CSO. Census 2011 – This is Ireland. Available at: http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011pdr/Pdf%208%20Tables.pdf.   Accessed May 25, 2014
    9. DCCoI. Overview for Learners. Available at: http://www.dccoi.ie/learners/overview-of-programmes. Accessed May 19, 2014.
    10. DCCoI. The Craft Industry. Available at: http://www.ccoi.ie/content/view/19/74/. Accessed February 20, 2014.
    11. DCCoI. What We Do. Available at: http://www.dccoi.ie/about/what-we-do. Accessed May 19, 2014.
    12. Dlaske, K. (2014). Semiotics of pride and profit. Interrogating commodification in indigenous handicraft production. Social Semiotics. DOI: 10.1080/10350330.2014.943459.
    13. Dlaske, K. (forthcoming). Shaping subjects of globalization: at the intersection of voluntourism and the new economy.
    14. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity.
    15. Fairclough, N. and R. Wodak (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as Social Interaction. Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction II. London: Sage. pp. 258-284.  
    16. Heller, M. (2003). Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(4): 473-492.
    17. Heller, M. (2008). Doing ethnography. In L. Wei and M. Moyer (eds.), Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 249-262.
    18. Heller, M. (2011). Paths to Postnationalism: A Critical Ethnography of Language and Identity. New York: Oxford University Press.
    19. Hult, F. (2010). Analysis of language policy discourses across the scales of space and time. International Journal of Sociology of Language 202: 7–24.
    20. Kauppinen, K. (2012). Subjects of Aspiration. Untersuchung von Diskursiven Prozessen Neoliberaler Regierung in einer Postfeministischen Frauenzeitschrift. Finnische Beiträge zur Germanistik 28. Doctoral thesis. Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang.
    21. Kauppinen, K. (2014). Welcome to the end of the world! Resignifying periphery under the new economy: A nexus analytical view of a tourist website. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 9 (1): 1-19.
    22. Lapland’s Tourism Strategy 2011–2014. Available at: http://www.lappi.fi/lapinliitto/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=53864&name=DLFE-21987.pdf. Accessed May 29, 2014.
    23. Marx, K. (1992) [1867]. Capital: Volume 1: A Critique of Political Economy. London: Penguin.
    24. McLaughlin, M. (2013). What makes art Acadian? In S. Pietikäinen and H. Kelly-Holmes (eds.), Multilingualism and the Periphery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35- 54.
    25. Miettinen, S. (2006). Raising the status of Lappish communities through tourism development. In M. Smith and M. Robinson (eds.), Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (Re)presentation. Bristol: Channel View Publications. pp. 159-174.
    26. Moriarty, M. (2013). Contesting language ideologies in the linguistic landscape of an Irish tourist town. International Journal of Bilingualism: 1-14. DOI: 10.1177/1367006913484209.
    27. Original Kerry. Makers. Available at: http://www.originalkerry.com/irish-crafts/. Accessed May 19, 2014.
    28. Original Kerry. About. Available at: www.originalkerry.com/about/. Accessed May 19, 2014.
    29. Pennycook, A. (2010). Language as Local Practice. Routledge: New York.
    30. Petersson McIntyre, M. (2014). Commodifying passion: The fashion of aesthetic labour. Journal of Cultural Economy 7 (1): 79-94.
    31. Pietikäinen, S. (2008). Broadcasting indigenous voices: Sami minority media production. European Journal of Communication 22 (2): 173-192.
    32. Pietikäinen, S. (2010). Sámi language mobility: scales and discourses of multilingualism in a polycentric environment. International Journal of Sociology of Language 202: 79–101.
    33. Pietikäinen, S. (2012). Kieli-ideologiat arjessa. Neksusanalyysi monikielisen inarinsaamenpuhujan kielielämäkerrasta [Language ideologies in practice. A nexus analysis of a multilingual Inari Sámi speaker’s language biography]. Virittäjä 3 (2012): 410-440.
    34. Pietikäinen, S. (2013a). Heteroglossic authenticity in Sámi heritage tourism. In S. Pietikäinen and H. Kelly-Holmes (eds.), Multilingualism and the Periphery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.77-94.
    35. Pietikäinen, S. (2013b). Multilingual dynamics in Sámiland: Rhizomatic approach to changing language. International Journal of Bilingualism: 1-33. DOI: 10.1177/1367006913489199.
    36. Pujolar, J. (2013). Tourism and gender in linguistic minority communities. In S. Pietikäinen and H. Kelly-Holmes (eds.), Multilingualism and the Periphery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 55-76.
    37. Pujolar, J. and K. Jones (2012) Literary tourism: New appropriations of landscape and territory in Catalonia. In M. Heller and A. Duchêne (eds.), Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit. New York: Routledge. pp 93−115.
    38. The Sámi Education Institute. Available at: http://www.sogsakk.fi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=1&lang=en. Accessed May 19, 2014.
    39. Scollon R. and S. Scollon. (2004). Nexus Analysis. Discourse and the Emerging Internet. London: Routledge.
    40. Stănciulescu, C. G, Molnar E. and M. Bunghez (2011). Tourism’s changing face: New age tourism versus old tourism. Annals of Faculty of Economics 1, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies: 245-249. Available at: http://www.econbiz.de/Record/tourism-s-changing-face-new-age-tourism-versus-old-tourism-cecilia-stanciulescu-gabriela/10009366118
    41. Torabian, P. and S. M. Arai (2013). Tourist perceptions of souvenir authenticity: an exploration of selective tourist blogs. Current Issues in Tourism. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.820259, 1-16.  
    42. UNESCO. The Rock of Alta. Available at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/352. Accessed May 19, 2014.
    43. Urry, J. (1995). Consuming Places. London: Routledge.
    44. Valkonen, S. (2009). Poliittinen Saamelaisuus [Political Sáminess]. Tampere: Vastapaino.
    45. van Leeuwen, T. (2005). Introducing Social Semiotics. New York: Routledge.
    46. Weiss, B. (2011). Making pigs local: Discerning the sensory character of place. Cultural Anthropology 26 (3): 438-461.
    47. Xie, P. F and G. Wall (2002). Visitors’ perceptions of authenticity at cultural attractions in Hainan, China. International Journal of Tourism Research 4 (5): 353-366.
    48. Yang, L. and Wall, G. (2009). Authenticity in ethnic tourism: domestic tourists’perspectives. Current Issues in Tourism 12 (3): 235-254.

A SOCIOCOGNITIVE APPROACH TO AGENCY FRAMING IN DAVID CAMERON’S 2010 PRE-ELECTION DISCOURSE  Pages 263-282

Ines Ghachem

 Download Full Text

  • Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis as an approach to the analysis of discourses, this paper explores the concept of agency in a corpus of David Cameron’s 2010 pre-election speeches. The analysis attempts to unveil the social representations present in the discourse of the British Conservative Party leader by focusing on the discourse-cognition-society interface. The study uses Van Dijk’s sociocognitive approach and Systemic Functional Linguistics as a methodological framework. The focus is on the discourse structures of personal pronouns, transitivity and nominalisation as discourse structures framing agency. The study uses qualitative as well as quantitative tools and takes into account the context of the speeches. The analysis reveals that by means of interacting with the audience on common knowledge and attitudes, Cameron constructs a collective agency to win votes and define a Conservative ideology.

    1. Chilton, P. and C. Schäffner (2011). Discourse and politics. In T. A. Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Sage Publications. pp. 303-330.
    2. Dunmire, P. L. (2005). Preempting the future: rhetoric and ideology of the future in political discourse. Discourse & Society 16(4): 481-513.
    3. Fairclough, N. ([1989] 1992 [2010]). Language and Power. London: Longman.
    4. Fairclough, N. (2005). Critical discourse analysis. Marges linguistics (9): 76-94. Retrieved from http://ling.lancs.ac.uk/profiles/Norman-Fairclough
    5. Fairclough, N., Mulderrig, J. and R. Wodak (2011). Critical discourse analysis. In T. A. Van Dijk (ed.) Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Sage Publications. pp. 357-378.
    6. Fowler, R. (1996). Linguistic Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    7. Fowler, R. (1998). Language in the News. Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge.
    8. Halliday, M. A. K. and C. M. I. M. Matthiessen (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Hodder Arnold.
    9. Gunn, J. (2009). “Agency” Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. 2009. Sage Publications. Retrieved 4 April 2010. From <http://www.sage-ereference.com/communicationtheory/Article_n11.html>.
    10. O’Hara, K. (2005). After Blair. Conservatism beyond Thatcher. Icon Books.
    11. O’Hara, K. (2007). After Blair. David Cameron and the Conservative Tradition. Icon Books.
    12. Oktar, L. (2001). The ideological organization of representational processes in the presentation of us and them. Discourse & Society 12(3): 313–346.
    13. Reisigl, M. (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis. In R. Bayley, R. Cameron and C. Lucas (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 67-90.
    14. Van Dijk, T. A. (1998a). Ideology. A Multidisciplinary Approach. London: Sage Publications.
    15. Van Dijk, T. A. (1998b). Ideology and Discourse. London: Sage Publications.
    16. Van Dijk, T. A. (2001a). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Schiffrin and H. Hamilton (eds.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 352-371.
    17. Van Dijk, T. A. (2001b). Discourse, Ideology and Context. Folia Linguistica, XXX/1-2, 11-40.
    18. Van Dijk, T. A. (2002). Political discourse and political cognition. In P. A. Chilton, and C. Schäffner (eds.), Politics as Text and Talk. Analytical Approaches to Political Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 203-237.
    19. Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Context. A Sociocognitive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    20. Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach. In R. Wodak and M. Meyer (eds.) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 62-86). London: Sage.