Collecting, analysing and communicating biological data are core skills you'll need as an ecologist or biologist. In this module, you'll explore research questions about UK ecosystems while learning the essentials of study design, field data collection, data wrangling, statistical analysis and clear communication, both through data visualisations and written reports.

You'll gain hands-on experience with ecological fieldwork during a residential field course in the UK, where you'll apply these methods directly. Throughout the module, you'll focus on best data science practices and develop open, reproducible and robust analyses.

*Alternative to Introduction to Biosciences module.

Explore the fascinating world of genetics and biotechnology, from the fundamentals of inheritance to cutting-edge genomics. You’ll examine Mendelian genetics and the molecular basis of inheritance through learning how DNA is replicated and how genes are transcribed and translated. You’ll examine the human genome, genome sequencing and be introduced to the role of bioinformatics in understanding genetic data. You’ll also discover how DNA damage can lead to genetic mutations that can in turn lead to heritable and non-heritable diseases and explore genetic testing techniques used today.

The module also introduces other key molecular biotechnologies, including microbial, plant and animal technologies, and how they are transforming research, healthcare, and industry. By the end of the module, you’ll have a strong foundation in genetics and biotechnology, equipping you with the knowledge and skills needed for further study in biomedical and life sciences.

This module introduces you to the essential skills required to support your studies in the biosciences. You will learn how to design and undertake safe, ethical, hypothesis-driven experiments, and gain hands-on experience of essential laboratory skills and equipment. This is complemented with training in carrying out scientific calculations and the use of computational tools to effectively analyse and present diverse types of data.

Finally, this module prepares you to communicate your research to a scientific audience through effective presentation of results and developing a scientific writing style that summarises and critically evaluates your results in the context of current scientific literature. By the end of the module, you will be able to conduct ethical research, analyse data and present your findings clearly and accurately.

*Alternative to Ecology Field and Data Skills module.

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. In this module you will be introduced to how cells use biological molecules to perform specific functions. All cellular life, from single celled bacteria and yeast to complex multicellular organisms, including plants and humans, synthesise simple organic molecules such as sugars, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids.

You will learn how organisms are able to synthesise these molecules to build complex biomolecules to store energy and genetic information. In addition, you will gain knowledge about the function of specific cell types, and intracellular organelles that perform essential processes within cells. You will learn how cells use defined programmes to precisely copy the genome to next generation cells. You will learn how defects in this process can promote cancer.

This module provides an exciting opportunity to explore the anatomy and physiology of key body systems and build a solid foundation to support your future learning. Focusing on the human system, you will examine the structure-function relationships of the organs and tissues that protect, sustain, and maintain the body in health. You’ll also discover the mechanisms of communication within and between tissues that regulate responses to maintain homeostasis within an organism.

Through a combination of lectures, interactive workshops and hands-on laboratory sessions, you will develop essential scientific knowledge and practical skills, reinforcing your understanding of how the body maintains homeostasis and responds to internal and external challenges.

Conservation of biodiversity is crucial in a rapidly changing world. This module explores how biodiversity is generated, maintained and distributed across the planet, providing a foundation in biodiversity patterns and processes. You'll examine ecological and evolutionary drivers of biodiversity, from speciation and extinction to ecosystem dynamics. In the ‘threats and responses’ part, you’ll assess human-induced pressures such as climate change, habitat loss, pollution and overexploitation, alongside species’ ecological and evolutionary adaptations to these challenges. Finally, the solution section explores conservation strategies, including habitat restoration, species management, sustainable resource use and agricultural interventions. Drawing on examples from terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, you’ll develop an evidence-based understanding of conservation challenges. This module provides essential knowledge to help develop solutions for addressing the ongoing biodiversity crisis.

We introduce some of the key concepts in evolution, focusing on natural selection, sexual selection, coevolution, biodiversity, coevolution, adaptation and phylogenies. You will learn about natural selection as the primary mechanism of adaptation, shaping species through differential survival and reproduction and you will explore sexual selection, emphasising how mate choice and competition influence animal characteristics and behaviour. Additionally, the module introduces phylogenies, the study of evolutionary trees, which help trace the evolutionary history of species. This will develop your understanding of the diversity and interconnectedness of life on Earth, to provide a solid foundation for future zoology and other biological studies.

This module will introduce you to the incredible world of microbiology. You’ll learn how some microbes are harmful, but others have important roles in the environment, in our bodies and are even exploited in the food industry.

Through hands-on practical sessions and workshops, you’ll learn how to identify microbes and understand the dynamics of microbial growth. You will also learn about how the human host responds to exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. We will explore the intricate relationship between pathogens and human health and explore how pathogens cause disease.

The biology of infecting organisms and the host’s immune response will both be examined as these are vital components in understanding the outcome of different types of infection. Selected infections from viruses to multi-cellular worms will be studied in detail and used as paradigms to illustrate principles of host/pathogen interaction.

Scientists need to understand scientific method, design robust experiments, collect data unbiasedly, use appropriate statistical methods and present research in a clear and concise format suitable to a relevant audience. They also need to be flexible to adjust research plans as needed, a quality that will make you resilient and resourceful in the face of challenges. In this research skills module, you will work in groups to design and deliver a research project from start to end. Activities include appraising information critically and establishing a working hypothesis or prediction, developing a robust experimental design, performing experiments and collecting data, carrying out statistical analyses, interpreting findings and presenting research orally and in written form. You will train to think and act as scientists and gain the confidence and skills required to complete your final year projects and compete in the jobs market.

In this module you’ll explore the intricate processes through which cells respond to environmental and developmental signals. You’ll study the cellular signalling pathways, gene expression regulation, and the molecular mechanisms that guide processes such as growth, differentiation, migration, and survival.

The contribution of stem cells to these processes and how tightly regulated mechanisms shape tissues and organs will also be examined. You’ll gain a deep understanding of the dynamic interplay between cells and their surroundings, and how disruptions in these mechanisms contribute to developmental disorders and disease.

Throughout your degree you gain a unique skills set based on your understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of sciences. In this module we develop your self-awareness of these skills and how to make the most of graduate-level employment opportunities.

We introduce you to the University’s employability resources including job search techniques and search engine use. We develop your skills in writing CVs and cover letters, and we draw on the expertise of employers and alumni. Your ability to effectively use these resources will enhance your employability skills, your communication skills and help you to develop a short-term career plan.

In this module you will gain a deep understanding of the molecular processes that underpin the normal function of genes and genomes, with a focus on eukaryotes, and how these processes can become disrupted in disease.

We'll discuss DNA replication and the importance of faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. We will also consider the molecular mechanisms used by cells to ensure the information encoded in the genome is transcribed and translated appropriately to produce proteins. You'll gain insight into the crucial role epigenetics plays in genome function through its regulation of gene expression and learn about how mutations arise in genomes and their effects on human health. We'll also cover the experimental techniques used for genome manipulation and analysis - foundational methods to much of modern biology.

In this module you’ll explore the molecular principles that govern cellular function and metabolism. You’ll study the structure and function of key biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, with an emphasis on their roles in metabolic pathways and other essential cellular mechanisms.

Topics include enzyme kinetics, metabolic regulation, and the biochemical basis of energy transfer within the cell. The module will provide you with the molecular underpinnings of human health and highlight how disruptions in biochemical pathways contribute to disease development. Laboratory sessions will let you gain a more in-depth and practical understanding of the topics covered. By the end of the module, you’ll have a comprehensive understanding of key cellular biochemical processes relevant to molecular medicine and biotechnology.

Explore the scientific foundations of conservation biology and ecosystem ecology by examining how species, communities and environments interact. You'll develop an understanding of the significant threats to global biodiversity, such as habitat loss, climate change, invasive species and overexploitation and learn the ecological reasons why conservation is vital.

Through a mix of theory, real-world case studies and practical work, you'll learn how to quantify biodiversity, assess population sizes and threats and apply conservation strategies at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels. Key topics include ecosystem resilience, habitat connectivity, conservation prioritisation and designing protected areas to optimise biodiversity conservation. You'll also build essential skills in ecological assessment and conservation planning, which will give you a solid foundation for a career in ecology, environmental management, or conservation science.

Graduates looking for employment as field biologists or ecologists need to have gained skills in basic field biology, including identification of different kinds or organisms and experience of commonly used field survey techniques. The module will focus on building identification skills and the use of identification keys on several groups of organisms including plants and animals. Experience of sampling methods for these taxonomic groups will also be developed, as well as familiarity with basic habitat survey techniques. During this module there will be excursions to natural habitats in local reserves.

Evolution is the fundamental concept in biology and an understanding of its processes and effects are important for biologists in all disciplines. Discover how animals and plants are shaped by the environments they live in and the species they interact with, whether predators, parasites, competitors, or their own kin. You’ll explore how natural and sexual selection influence individual traits and behaviour and how these adaptations ripple out to affect entire populations. Blending key theoretical concepts with real-world examples from cutting-edge research, this module gives you insight into the evolutionary forces that drive biodiversity and behaviour across ecosystems.

In this module you'll gain a detailed understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system. You will learn how the diverse cell types of the nervous system work together to allow it to perform its various complex functions.

We will cover aspects from the microscopic scale, such as the molecular inner workings of single neurons and synapses, up to the large-scale complexity of how brain areas work together to process information and produce behaviour. How these processes are impacted in a variety of neurological disorders will also be considered. You will also gain new insight into the range of experimental approaches and techniques that have been used to reveal fundamental aspects of how the nervous system works. This module provides a firm foundation for your future studies in neuroscience.

In this module you will develop your understanding of the key stages in the life cycle of proteins, from their synthesis to their breakdown. You will explore amino acid biosynthesis, protein translation by ribosomes, the intracellular trafficking of proteins, and the post-translational modifications that influence protein function. Protein degradation pathways, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, will be considered.

The importance of regulation of protein homeostasis in health and disease will also be discussed. The module will integrate experimental approaches and techniques used to study proteins and provide you with new insights into their applications.

This module explores the positive and negative roles of microbes with regards to human health. You will learn how our indigenous microbes help with numerous physiological functions, protect us from invasion by pathogens and how they are tolerated by our immune system.

We will take a detailed look at the pathogenic mechanisms of a range of microbes and what makes some more virulent than others. You will learn about our natural defence, the innate and adaptive immune system and how its various components (organs, cells, and messengers) collectively function to fight off infections.

We will also examine human interventions to control infections, i.e., prevention (e.g. disinfectants, vaccination) and therapy (anti-microbial compounds) and the challenges associated with each.

You will study culture from a geographical perspective and explore space and the spatial from a cultural point of view. With social geography you will explore social inequalities, identities and relations in specific places and in their spatial dimensions. The module focuses on the key geographical concepts of landscape, place, space and mobilities, together with ideas of representation, belonging, aesthetics, the arts, (collective) memory, creativity, embodiment and justice. You will also develop an understanding of theories about culture, space, identity and power and their value in both conceptual and practical terms, developing your capacity to bring issues and perspectives of cultural and social geography to bear in insightful responses to key issues of the present and future.

Vertebrates (including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) display a staggering diversity of shapes and sizes, and are adapted to a wide array of environments, from hot deserts to freezing oceans. The aim of this module is to introduce you to the broad range of forms and functions, putting physiological and behavioural processes firmly within a whole organism and evolutionary context. You will be able to apply your general knowledge of vertebrate biology to species-specific examples: comparing and contrasting different groups and their adaptations; and critically evaluating hypotheses to explain vertebrate diversity. You will learn through critical discussion, data analysis and interpretation, science communication and a fieldtrip, providing practical skills essential for careers in biodiversity conservation, wildlife management and scientific research. Learn from research-active lecturers and discover how vertebrates are responding to environmental challenges, from habitat loss to on-going climate change.

The research project provides you with first-hand experience of research and the opportunity to be immersed in an area of work of current interest in biomedical and life sciences. Your research project is underpinned by training in research methods to support you in planning, conducting, and reporting on an open-ended investigation.

Throughout your project, you’ll receive one-to-one support from a member of academic staff with expertise in your specific area of study. Projects cover a wide variety of topics and may be carried out in a variety of ways. They involve a significant amount of original work and analysis, so you gain experience in a range of skills, including experimental design and testing of hypotheses. The project also helps you to develop graduate attributes relevant to employment, including time management, communication skills, and independent working. The results of your research are reported in a written dissertation and an oral presentation.

*This module is mandatory for students undertaking a project in the Biology pathway. Alternative to the Dissertation module.

Conduct an independent research project on a specific topic within your field of study and present your findings in an extensive report. Throughout your project, you will receive one-to-one support from a member of academic staff. This is the largest piece of work that you will complete during your degree and, depending on your subject area, it will enable you to develop skills including formulating a research question; contextualising it within research literature; identifying and using appropriate research methods and techniques with which to address your question; collecting and analysing data; and interpreting your findings. Overall, the aim is to demonstrate your ability to conduct rigorous, independent academic work and communicate its outcomes clearly and effectively.

*This module is mandatory for students undertaking a project in the Biology pathway. Alternative to the Project module.

In this module we continue to develop your employability skills. We focus on your ability to communicate your scientific learning to reflect the interdisciplinary nature of your degree and empower you when it comes to job applications and interviews. This includes practice for assessment centres and associated tasks such as psychometric testing and skills testing, and 1-1 recruitment selection or panel-based interviews.

In this module you will learn how brain circuits are set up and how they work to process information and produce behaviour. This module will give you a deep and broad understanding of nervous system function, from the mechanisms involved in the development of the nervous system, to how it is set up to process sensory information.

You will learn about the neural control of complex behaviours, learning and memory and higher order cognitive processes. You’ll also learn about the valuable role that experiments conducted in a diverse range of model organisms has played in elucidating the developmental pathways, molecular mechanisms and neural circuits underlying behaviours. Practical exercises will enable you to further develop your skills in experimental design and data collection, analysis, and interpretation, as you learn about how nervous system function can be manipulated by genetic approaches and measured by behavioural analysis.

Animal behaviour has been captivating scientists for centuries and it remains a key subject in ecology, evolution and conservation. Explore how and why animals behave in the way that they do by applying an evolutionary framework to investigate the costs and benefits to the individuals involved. You will learn about the very latest research on animals of all kinds, introducing you to amazing behaviours that at first seem puzzling to understand, but also challenging you to think differently about well-known examples. Topics include reproduction, sociality and communication and how the study of non-human animals helps us to understand behaviour in our own species. You will develop skills in critical thinking, data interpretation and scientific writing.

Ageing is perhaps the most multidisciplinary area of study and certainly one of the remaining great mysteries in biology. Although we have known for decades why we age, our understanding of the biological mechanisms of ageing remains incomplete.

In this module you will learn about current evolutionary and mechanistic thinking on ageing. We will cover how the advent of modern molecular biology tools has empowered experimentalists to put theories to the test, unravelling context-specific and conserved mechanisms of ageing, to paint a complex, but hopeful picture of human ageing. You'll journey through the intricate, sometimes shocking, history of biogerontology, from early rate of living and molecular damage theories to more recent theories involving genetic programs, inflammation, and epigenetic clocks. You will gain insight into how ageing rate may be modulated through genetics, lifestyle and pharmacology.

This module will examine the fundamental genetic causes of cancer, before discovering how modern genomics is transforming our understanding and treatment of this disease. You’ll explore the genetic and environmental factors that drive cancer, including inherited predisposition syndromes and lifestyle risks.

You’ll learn about cancer prevention strategies, screening techniques and diagnostic methods used in clinical practice. You will also explore the latest advances in cancer treatment, from targeted therapies to immunotherapy and the challenges of turning scientific discoveries into real-world treatments. You’ll engage with current research, gaining insights into the future of cancer care and study a range of common and rarer cancers. This will help your understanding of how research is shaping personalised medicine. By the end of the module, you’ll have a strong understanding of the causes, prevention, and latest advancements in the treatment of cancer, equipping you with the knowledge and skills for careers in research, biomedicine, biotechnology, and healthcare.

In this module you will examine the role of cell signalling in maintaining health and the results of its dysfunction in disease. You will cover key signalling pathways and second messenger systems and their roles in cellular communication.

Emphasis is placed on experimental techniques used to study signalling pathways and their potential as therapeutic targets. Through case studies, research literature and experimental approaches you will develop a critical understanding of signalling mechanisms in both normal physiology and disease states.

Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have inspired the development of some of the most far-reaching theories in ecology. These ecosystems are distributed throughout the tropics and often dominate shallow seas. They are important for billions of people worldwide yet are under increasing threat from climate change and direct disturbances. This module will provide you with a grounding in biology, ecology and evolution of hard corals and reef fishes, building on broad ecological principles from previous years. You will apply this understanding to evaluate threats and their potential solutions, developing critical knowledge on the most complex habitat in the oceans. Specifically, you will explore how and where coral reefs have emerged through time and thrived in the oceans, the behavioural and community dynamics that allow such an enormous variety of species to coexist and emerging threats and solutions to their continued existence.

Advances in biomedicine raise complex ethical challenges that shape research, policy, and healthcare. In this module you will explore key ethical principles, examining how cultural, social, and political factors influence biomedical debates.

This module will equip you with the critical thinking skills to navigate dilemmas across public health, genetics, regenerative medicine, and clinical trials. Through interactive seminars and workshops, you'll engage with real-world ethical controversies, enhancing your ability to assess biomedical advancements and their societal impact. Key topics include the development of ethical principles in biomedicine, ethical considerations in human and animal research, and emerging challenges in biomedicine. This module develops ethical literacy, professional awareness and analytical skills to support a career in biomedicine.

Whilst scientific advances have led to tremendous improvements in human health over the past century, significant challenges remain. These include, problems associated with an ageing population and an increase in non-communicable diseases, new and re-emerging infectious diseases, the impact of environmental factors and social determinants on health, as well as continued disparity in access to healthcare provision across different population groups.

In this module you will study challenges of global significance that will provide you with a real-world perspective on human health and the multi-disciplinary and collaborative approaches required to tackle challenges on a national and international scale. You will consider how technological advancements, such as the use of artificial intelligence, could positively transform healthcare, but also ethical concerns that may be raised by the implementation of new technologies.

All living organisms are susceptible to parasitism, but this pervasive mode of interaction is an underappreciated feature of ecosystems. Explore the range and complexity of interactions between parasites and their hosts. The outcomes of host-parasite interactions are determined by the balance between host defences, parasite virulence and environmental factors. We will use this ‘disease triangle’ as a basis from which to understand the relationships between hosts and parasites. You will examine the ways in which parasites infect and manipulate their hosts to their own benefit and in turn, discover the different strategies that plants and animals use to defend themselves. The conflict between parasite virulence and host defence is a classic illustration of co-evolution: a theme that will be central to the module. You will also discover how host-parasite interactions are influenced by environmental conditions and ecological communities and the implications of these effects for disease transmission.

Conservation is as much about human behaviours and values as it is about species and biological diversity. As a field, conservation science has come to recognise the complex nature of environmental challenges, requiring a blend of knowledge from various disciplines. While the foundations of conservation are still in traditional biology, the incorporation of social sciences, economics and law are increasing. This module introduces you to the increasingly holistic approach to conservation, emphasising the interplay between ecological and social systems, that recognises human behaviours, economic pressures and cultural values alongside biological factors. The need for collaboration across diverse stakeholders will be explored. Through case studies, you will learn to apply interdisciplinary frameworks to real-world scenarios, to recognise and engage with the often conflicting values and priorities. The module will prepare you for careers in conservation organisations, government agencies and research institutions, empowering you to become effective agents of environmental change.

In this module you will deepen your knowledge of clinical genetics and immunology. The genetic bases for diseases will be covered, along with the role of the clinical geneticist, the variety of diagnostic approaches and the future of genetics in medicine. Examining immune function and immunopathologies, you'll consider clinical conditions such as autoimmunity, allergy and immunodeficiencies and how immunological techniques facilitate diagnosis and treatment. You will examine genetic and environmental causes of immune dysfunction and learn how this knowledge can be harnessed clinically in the context of transplantation and genetic disease.

Bioinformatics is a technical field that uses software applications to analyse many kinds of information relevant to biochemistry and other branches of biology. These include databases of biological sequences, structures, networks, and functional annotations.

In this module you’ll learn how to apply various important software tools to investigate a protein. Specifically, you will learn how to visualise and manipulate protein structures, how to detect evolutionary pressures in gene sequences and how to track their history using phylogenetics. The scientific computing skills you will acquire are also a valuable transferrable skill for other disciplines.

Despite delivering abundant cheap food, farmers and society have economic, environmental and social concerns about our modern resource-intensive agricultural systems. Explore the strengths and weaknesses of current intensive and proposed extensive agricultural systems by examining their food production, resource use, efficiency and environmental impacts. You’ll be introduced to key sustainability metrics such as carbon and water footprints and delve into the biological mechanisms behind a range of agronomic techniques. The module also looks at how agriculture contributes to ecosystem services. Through hands-on workshop sessions, you’ll compare microbial inoculants (bio-fertilisers) with synthetic fertilisers in a greenhouse-based plant growth trial and take part in a virtual farm management exercise to identify strategies for making UK agriculture more economically and environmentally sustainable.

Do you want to entertain and inspire children and the public in STEM? With an introduction to teaching as well as wider engagement opportunities, learn how to understand your audience and how to engage and enliven them. You will also learn how to balance this with educating them and presenting science in a way that’s appropriate to your audience. We include an introduction to pedagogy, how to inspire school pupils and how to use traditional and new media for science communication.

You will deliver an activity of your choosing to an audience. This could be a lesson at school, engaging with children at a large outreach event or delivering a public lecture. In addition, you will also reflect on your activity to discuss what you’ve learnt and what changes you would make. You can deliver this by either video, podcast or article.

In this module you will undertake an extended research project on a specific topic within your field of study. The MSci project enables you to build on the research skills you developed during your Biosciences Research Project but further enhances your independence and experience of working in a research environment.

You will undertake a review of relevant and contemporary research literature, apply appropriate research methods and techniques to collect, analyse and interpret data; and present your findings in an extensive written report and oral examination. The overall aim of this module is to help you develop greater competence in conducting rigorous, independent research, and to refine your ability to communicate research outcomes to a diverse audience. Throughout your project, you will receive one-to-one support from a member of academic staff that has expertise in your specific area of study.

*Alternative to Dissertation module.

Conduct an independent research project on a specific topic within your field of study and present your findings in an extensive report. Throughout your project, you will receive one-to-one support from a member of academic staff. This is the largest piece of work that you will complete during your degree and, depending on your subject area, it will enable you to develop skills including formulating a research question; contextualising it within research literature; identifying and using appropriate research methods and techniques with which to address your question; collecting and analysing data; and interpreting your findings. Overall, the aim is to demonstrate your ability to conduct rigorous, independent academic work and communicate its outcomes clearly and effectively.

*Alternative to the Project module.

Global food security means ensuring that everyone, everywhere, always has access to an affordable supply of safe and nutritious food. Today, up to a billion people remain undernourished, while many others face health issues linked to over-consumption. This interdisciplinary module explores the wide range of local and global factors that influence food availability, accessibility and utilisation. You’ll examine what makes a diet healthy and how access to key nutrients can be improved, for example through fish consumption or crop biofortification. The module also looks at how climate change affects food production, by influencing key biological processes like photosynthesis and reproductive development. You’ll explore the complex interplay between food, water and energy security, and assess the environmental footprint of the global food system, recognising the diverse needs and priorities of local communities who depend on food-producing regions.

Explore in-depth aquatic ecology, focusing on both freshwater and marine ecosystems. You will examine key ecological concepts such as species interactions, energy flow, nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning across different aquatic environments. The module will explore how physical, chemical and biological factors shape the structure and dynamics of both marine and freshwater habitats. Through case studies, fieldwork and practical applications, you will investigate the ecological processes in lakes, rivers, coastal zones and oceans and develop skills in data analysis, biological monitoring and conservation strategies. Special attention will be given to the conservation and management of aquatic habitats, with a focus on sustainable practices. You will develop a broad understanding of aquatic ecology and the skills required to address contemporary challenges in both freshwater and marine environments.

Did you know that your brain is formed in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy and continues to mature into your mid-20s? Did you also know that your brain shrinks by about five percent per decade after the age of 40?

In this module, you’ll study a range of brain disorders that typically emerge at different points during childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Using examples such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease, you’ll learn how genetic and environmental factors lead to the dysfunction of brain cells and associated pathologies. The impact of this on behavioural and cognitive changes will also be discussed. You’ll also actively participate in discussions of current and emerging methods for diagnosing and treating a range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This module is ideal if you are interested in furthering your understanding of brain function throughout life.

Cancer is a complex disease that arises from our own cells and tissues. Mutation in specific genes play a key role in promoting tumourigenesis. Consequently, these molecular differences between cancer cells and our healthy tissues, provide an opportunity to target cancer. You will explore the hallmarks of cancer to gain insight into how cancer cells differ from normal cells, learning how these provide opportunities to effectively treat cancer. You will also learn how a deep understanding of the genetic changes in cancer cells can identify which patients would benefit from specific treatments. The immune system plays a key role in tumourigenesis and for the treatment of cancer. You will develop your understanding of how selection and evolution within tumours can lead to resistance to specific chemotherapies and targeted therapies, which represent a new challenge to effectively treat cancer.

Conservation is as much about human behaviours and values as it is about species and biological diversity. Conservation science has come to recognise the complex nature of environmental challenges, requiring a blend of knowledge from various disciplines. While the foundations of conservation are still in traditional biology, the incorporation of social sciences, economics and law are increasing. This module will introduce you to the increasingly holistic approach to conservation, emphasising the interplay between ecological and social systems, that recognises human behaviours, economic pressures and cultural values alongside biological factors. You will also explore the need for collaboration across diverse stakeholders. Through case studies, students will learn to apply interdisciplinary frameworks to real-world scenarios, to recognise and engage with the often-conflicting values and priorities. The course will prepare you for careers in conservation organisations, government agencies and research institutions, empowering you to become effective agents of environmental change.

How do new medicines get discovered? What needs to happen to get new medicines available to people who need them? This module will provide you with the tools to critically evaluate the drug discovery process, using examples of successes and failures.

You will learn how current and emerging tools, such as genomics, virtual design, high throughput screening and safety testing are used to allow new medicines to reach clinical trials and regulatory approval. You will participate in discussions to unpick what we mean by diseases or conditions with unmet medical and societal need, intellectual property, Big Pharma and Small Biotech.

This module will also help you recognise the wide array of roles and responsibilities needed in this sphere such as academic scientists, medical professionals, pharmacists, statisticians, quality assurance, biomedical engineers, pharmacologists, and chemists. Applicable, real-life examples will anchor each concept.

Employers in the ecology and conservation sector place significant value on field skills as they are essential for effective, hands-on data collection and analysis. You will gain knowledge of identification of plants and animals to different taxonomic level depending on the group. The module also focuses on practical methods of sampling populations, monitoring habitats and assessing biodiversity and ecosystem services, which are crucial for understanding ecosystem health and supporting conservation efforts. You will also develop sampling protocols, collect data from the field and use analytical techniques to address ecological questions. The module has a strong field component taking advantages of the natural habitats both in campus and the protected landscapes near Lancaster.

Beyond the classical role of protecting us from infection, we are now beginning to uncover the key role of inflammation in obesity, cancer, and ageing. Therefore, understanding our immune system, as the key orchestrator of inflammation, has never been more important.

In this module you will gain advanced knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune system, understanding classical and novel cell types, their role in preventing disease and how failure of the immune system results in chronic infection or autoimmunity. You’ll study immunological disorders and how application of innovative immunological research is applied to biomedical science and clinical practice. You will also explore how our individual macro and microbiota influence our responses to therapeutics and develop an understanding of personalised medicine.

Develop your understanding of the ecological principles of habitat management for biodiversity conservation and how these can be applied to manage a range of priority habitats in the UK. Looking at a range of habitat types you will critically examine the construction of their habitat management plans. Following this you will gain experience in writing such a plan with specified conservation objectives, threats identified and management actions defined. You will learn how to take into account the dynamic nature of ecosystems and conflicts of interest in land use. The module is taught by a mix of lectures and workshops on campus and excursions to local nature reserves where you will interact with reserve managers and take part in field activities.

In this module you will study Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), a diverse group of conditions caused by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, and toxins found in snake venom.

The World Health Organisation estimates that NTDs affect more than 1 billion people worldwide, disproportionately affecting impoverished communities in tropical and sub-tropical regions, with significant health, societal, and economic consequences. Despite the tremendous impact NTDs have on human health and wellbeing, these conditions are considered ‘neglected,’ as historically they have received little attention and funding from the global community. In this module you will develop a detailed understanding of the impact that a range of NTDs have on human health and global healthcare systems, as well as current approaches to their treatment, prevention, and control.