Biological Science

The following modules are available to incoming Study Abroad students interested in Biological Science.

Alternatively you may return to the complete list of Study Abroad Subject Areas.

BIOS4101 - Introduction to Biosciences
BIOS4102 - Molecules to Cells
BIOS4103 - Anatomy and Physiology
BIOS4201 - Genetics and Biotechnology
BIOS4202 - Microbes, Pathogens and Immunity
BIOS4203 - Foundations of Biomedical Science
BIOS4204 - Foundations of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science
BIOS5102 - Microbiology and Immunology
BIOS5103 - Biochemistry of Cellular Metabolism
BIOS5104 - Fundamentals of Neuroscience
BIOS5105 - Pharmacology
BIOS5202 - Cell and Developmental Biology
BIOS5203 - Life Cycle of Proteins
BIOS5204 - Molecular Genetics
BIOS5205 - Drug Design and Development
BIOS6101 - Medical Genetics and Clinical Immunology
BIOS6102 - Cancer Biology and Therapeutics
BIOS6103 - Bioinformatics
BIOS6104 - Advanced Drug Design and Development
BIOS6105 - Advanced Neuroscience - Circuits and Systems
BIOS6202 - Global Health Challenges
BIOS6203 - Biology of Ageing
BIOS6204 - Cell Signalling in Health and Disease
BIOS6205 - Ethics in Biomedicine
NATS6201 - Teaching, Outreach and Public Engagement

BIOS4101: Introduction to Biosciences

Terms Taught: Michaelmas Term
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: Equivalent of A Level Biology

Course Description

This module aims to introduce the essential skills required to succeed in a bioscience degree. With a balance of workshops and lectures to support wet lab practicals, students will learn how to design and undertake safe, ethical, hypothesis-driven experiments. The inclusion of training on literature retrieval and review, scientific communication, lab calculations and data analysis with a variety of key computational tools will underpin the learning and assessment in other modules.

By the end of the module, students will be able to effectively produce their own data and communicate their findings in the context of the wider field. They will also be able to demonstrate an understanding of the ethical issues underpinning experimental design and research integrity.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Communicate scientific concepts to diverse audiences using appropriate terminology in written presentations such as lab reports and poster presentations.
Apply scientific calculations and relevant statistical techniques to experimental data and be able to interpret and report different sizes of data sets.
Use multiple computational tools to analyse and display data.
Develop basic laboratory skills that adhere to health and safety regulations, to consistently generate and record accurate data.
Demonstrate the ability to locate, read, and interpret scientific literature from credible sources, summarising key concepts using appropriate scientific language.
Identify suitable hypotheses and design a strategy to test these hypotheses.
Identify and apply key ethical considerations to designing research.

Outline Syllabus

This module develops the practical skills that students need for success in the biosciences: lab techniques, experimental design, scientific communication and data analysis. The development of these skills will culminate in the production of a lab report and practical competency exam, allowing students to authentically demonstrate their learning.

Students start this module with an introduction to our science teaching labs and the importance of essential health and safety. Alongside the practical skills, the students will be introduced to the conventions of scientific communication, including how to search for, and evaluate the different types of scientific literature available.

Once students are confident in the basic skills, the principles of experimental design within an ethical, quality -focussed, framework will be introduced. Students will apply the principles of hypothesis-driven research to their own work, consider the use of suitable controls and replicates, perform basic lab calculations and accurately record their findings. Finally, statistical analysis and data presentation skills will be introduced to support their skills in scientific communication. Students will use a variety of computational tools from Excel to R to provide a flexible framework for analysis and presentation of their own data.

The module will conclude with an employability-focussed session run in collaboration with the Careers and Employability Service that encourages students to reflect on the skills that they have learned over the course of the semester and build a representative CV that showcases their subject-specific and transferable skills.

Assessment Proportions

Assessment in this module is designed to help students develop the core skills needed for laboratory work, scientific writing and data analysis. Students complete a variety of assessments across the module so they can build confidence gradually and apply what they have learned in both practical and written tasks. All assessment information is provided on Moodle at the start of the module so students can plan their work in advance.

Formative activities take place throughout the module and give students the chance to practise assessment tasks and receive feedback before completing their summative work. Feedback may be written, verbal, peer based or provided through sample answers. During practical sessions, staff offer real time guidance to support students as they prepare for assessments. These regular opportunities help students understand their progress and identify areas for improvement.

The learning experience includes laboratory practicals, data analysis sessions and group activities that encourage students to think independently and work collaboratively. The module aims to ensure that all students can develop their skills in a supportive, accessible and inclusive environment.

BIOS4102: Molecules to Cells

Terms Taught: Michaelmas Term
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: Equivalent of A Level Biology or Chemistry

Course Description

This module aims to provide students with a foundational understanding of the molecular and cellular principles that underpin life/living systems.

Students will begin by exploring the chemical foundations of biology, including the nature of chemical bonding, the unique properties of water, and the structures and roles of the major classes of biomolecules—lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Students will proceed to investigate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with a focus on key cellular components. Both structure-function relationships and how cells to tissue organisation will be discussed and this module will introduce modern techniques used to study cells, including microscopy and organelle isolation, providing practical experience in visualizing and analysing cellular structures. Students will also study cellular processes such as unicellular reproduction, cell division in multicellular organisms, cell cycle regulation, and energy transduction/chemiosmosis.

The module will focus particularly on protein architecture. From amino acid biochemical properties through to higher order structures. Enzyme structure and function will be introduced, with particular attention to mechanism of action, modes of inhibition and kinetic analysis with emphasis on physiological significance.

By the end of this module, students will possess a comprehensive understanding of biomolecular structure, cellular function, and protein biochemistry, forming a robust foundation for further studies in biological and biomedical sciences.

Educational Aims

By the end of this module, students will be able to:

Describe and explain key chemical principles relevant to biological systems, including bonding, molecular interactions, and the unique properties of water, as a basis for understanding life at the molecular level.
Describe the structure and function of biological macromolecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins, highlighting how molecular structure underpins biological function.
Interpret how protein/enzyme structure determines function, and explain the principles of enzyme kinetics, regulation, and inhibition, including clinical applications in disease treatment.
Discuss the role of both mitochondria and chloroplasts in cellular metabolism.
Compare the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the role of organelles, and the organization of cells into tissues.
Describe the cell cycle, cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, and the role of stem cells and cell specialization in tissue formation and maintenance.
Apply and describe practical techniques in cell biology, using microscopy and organelle isolation, to study the structure and organization of cells and tissues.
Utilise molecular visualisation tools to explore protein structure and demonstrate an understanding of how artificial intelligence is advancing protein structural prediction and biomedical research.

Outline Syllabus

This module explores the fundamental molecular and cellular principles of living systems, providing a comprehensive foundation for further study in the biosciences.

The module begins by addressing essential chemical principles relevant to biology, including atomic structure, bonding, the properties of water, pH, pKa and the nature of biological macromolecules—lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Students will investigate how the unique properties of these molecules contribute to their function in living organisms.

Building on this molecular framework, students will be introduced to the structural and functional properties of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Students will explore cellular organelles and the role they play in processes such as energy production, reproduction, and tissue formation. The specialisation from stem cells to differentiated cells, cellular organisation into tissues, and the control of cell division will be introduced.

Students will develop practical skills in microscopy and organelle isolation, and gain experience using molecular visualisation tools. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence in protein structure prediction, will be explored to highlight the future of biomedical discovery.

Throughout the module, students will be encouraged to think critically about how molecular and cellular processes contribute to life, and how understanding these processes enables advances in the biosciences.

Assessment Proportions

This module provides an introduction to the molecular and cellular principles that underpin life, supporting student progression into more advanced modules. The module is delivered through a combination of lectures, practicals, workshops, and computer-based activities. Lectures introduce students to the chemical and structural basis of life, key cellular processes, and the molecular mechanisms that drive cell function and organisation. Laboratory practicals develop hands-on skills in microscopy, organelle isolation and enzyme activity and kinetic analysis. The focus of workshops and computer sessions will include interpretation of experimental kinetic data, molecular visualisation of proteins, and introduce emerging tools in protein structure prediction. These activities promote active learning, scientific communication, and the ability to link molecular knowledge to biological function and biomedical application.

Digital learning tools such as Moodle, online quizzes, and molecular modelling software support flexible and interactive engagement.

Assessment is constructively aligned with learning outcomes and designed to be inclusive and supportive. It includes weekly formative quizzes, a practical report, a formative group presentation and a final examination.

With a mixed assessment strategy, this module aims to accommodate different learning styles and incorporates formative feedback/ assessment for learning to aid transition/development.

In support of Lancaster’s values of equity and decolonisation, the module incorporates global case studies in cellular and molecular biology, encouraging students to reflect on the societal, historical, and ethical contexts of biomedical research. This fosters an inclusive environment that values diverse perspectives.

BIOS4103: Anatomy and Physiology

Terms Taught: Michaelmas Term
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: Equivalent of A Level Biology

BIOS4201: Genetics and Biotechnology

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: Equivalent of A Level Biology

Course Description

This module aims to provide students with a broad and accessible introduction to the key concepts and techniques in genetics and biotechnology. It explores the fundamental principles of inheritance, including Mendelian genetics and the molecular basis of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Students will be introduced to the structure and function of the human genome, genome sequencing technologies, and the role of bioinformatics in analysing genetic data.

The module also investigates how genetic mutations arise and their relevance to heritable and non-heritable diseases, alongside current approaches to genetic testing and diagnosis. In addition to human genetics, students will explore how molecular biotechnologies are applied in microbial, plant, and animal systems, and how these innovations are transforming research, healthcare, agriculture, and industry.

Alongside scientific content, the module encourages the development of essential academic and transferrable skills, including critical thinking, scientific communication, group work, and the ability to engage with digital tools and research methods. It lays a strong foundation for further study in biomedical and life sciences, promoting both subject understanding and broader scientific literacy.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Explain the principles of inheritance and genetic variation, incorporating Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns, linkage, and the role of chromosome abnormalities and mutations in disease.
Describe the molecular basis of genetic information and the processes of DNA replication, transcription and translation.
Interpret and analyse genetic data, including genotype and phenotype data and karyotypes, in the context of disease diagnosis.
Describe key principles of computational genetics and demonstrate basic skills in using bioinformatics tools to access, analyse, and interpret genetic sequence data.
Demonstrate competency in molecular biology laboratory skills relevant to genetics and biotechnology, including safe use of key molecular biology techniques and equipment, and record-keeping.
Demonstrate knowledge of molecular biology techniques in research and biotechnology, including gene cloning, expression analysis, and whole-genome sequencing, and critically evaluate their impact on science, medicine, and agriculture.
Assess the use of biotechnology across organisms, by describing key methods in plant, microbial, and mammalian systems—including genetic modification, cell culture, and transformation—and discussing their applications in crop improvement, industrial processes, and animal research.
Describe the role of DNA technologies in healthcare and society, including stem cell therapy, gene therapy, genetic screening, and forensic applications, with consideration of current challenges and ethical implications.

Outline Syllabus

This module provides a comprehensive introduction to the molecular basis of inheritance and its applications in modern genetics and biotechnology. It begins by establishing the foundational principles of Mendelian inheritance and the role of meiosis in determining genetic outcomes, before exploring how linkage, recombination, and chromosomal abnormalities can lead to deviations from classical patterns of inheritance.

The course then delves into the molecular structure of DNA and the mechanisms of prokaryotic DNA replication, laying the groundwork for understanding how genetic information is faithfully transmitted. This is followed by an in-depth look at transcription and translation in prokaryotes, and how mutations and DNA damage can influence genetic stability.

Building on this, students are introduced to the principles of population genetics, including how genetic variation is measured and interpreted within and between populations. The structure and significance of the human genome are also considered, providing context for discussions on genetic diversity and health.

The second half of the module focuses on the tools and applications of molecular biology. Topics include recombinant DNA technology, gene and genome analysis, and the use of computational genetics to interpret large-scale genetic data. Applications are further explored through sessions on microbial, plant, and animal biotechnology, including the production of genetically modified organisms and their use in industry and agriculture.

The module concludes by examining the role of DNA technology in medicine and society, including genetic screening, gene therapy, and the use of DNA in forensics and personal identity. Ethical considerations are integrated throughout, encouraging students to reflect on the broader impact of genetic technologies in research and healthcare.

Assessment Proportions

This module provides a foundational introduction to core concepts in genetics and biotechnology, supporting student progression into more advanced modules such as BIOS5204 Molecular Genetics at Level 5. It aligns with programme-level aims by combining theoretical understanding, practical skills, and critical thinking across biomedical and life sciences.

The module is delivered through lectures, practical labs, workshops, and computer-based sessions. Lectures introduce genetic principles and biotechnological applications; practicals develop laboratory skills in DNA technologies; workshops and computer labs encourage data interpretation, bioinformatics, and ethical reflection. These activities foster active learning, scientific communication, and the application of knowledge to real-world challenges.

Teaching integrates digital tools such as Moodle, online quizzes, and bioinformatics databases. Students are also introduced to the implications of GenAI technologies in genomic research and diagnostics, enhancing their digital literacy and preparedness for future developments in the field.

Assessment is constructively aligned with learning activities and designed to be inclusive and supportive. It includes a formative Moodle quiz, a summative lab report, and a final exam. This varied assessment strategy supports different learning styles and reduces barriers to engagement, while formative feedback is embedded throughout to guide student progress.

In line with Lancaster’s commitment to equity and decolonisation, the module includes diverse case studies from global health, agriculture, and biotechnology sectors. Students are encouraged to reflect on the historical and social contexts of genetic research, including the impact of colonial legacies and unequal access to technology. This helps foster an inclusive learning environment where diverse perspectives and voices are valued.

Overall, the module develops core academic, digital, and practical skills essential for life sciences education and careers, while cultivating awareness of the broader impact of genetics and biotechnology on society.

BIOS4202: Microbes, Pathogens and Immunity

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: Equivalent of A Level Biology

Course Description

This module aims to introduce students to the incredible world of microbiology. Students will learn how some microbes are harmful, but others have important roles in the environment, in our bodies and are even exploited in the food industry.??

Through hands-on practical sessions and workshops students learn how to identify microbes and understand the dynamics of microbial growth. They will also learn about how the human host responds to exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. The module will explore the intricate relationship between pathogens and human health and explore how pathogens cause disease.??

The biology of infecting organisms and the host’s immune response will both be examined as these are vital components in understanding the outcome of different types of infection. Selected infections from viruses to multi-cellular worms will be studied in detail and used as paradigms to illustrate principles of host/pathogen interaction.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Describe the beneficial impacts of microbes, and how they are exploited.
Demonstrate a basic knowledge of a wide range of infectious and indigenous organisms including their impact on health.
Explain the components of the immune system and outline different types of immunity, distinguishing between innate and acquired responses.
Describe the major classes of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists) and explain their key functional characteristics that enable infection and disease.
Explain the role of host-pathogen interaction in determining disease outcome.
Explain underlining principles of pathogen control and the design of therapeutic interventions.
Demonstrate a basic understanding of epidemiology.
Analyse, interpret and communicate experimental findings and scientific literature demonstrating comprehension of hypothesis driven research and ability to safely follow simple protocols.

Outline Syllabus

This module provides an in-depth introduction to microbiology and the role of microbes in health, disease, and the environment. It explores the diversity, structure, function, and classification of key microbial groups, including bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi, and parasitic worms. Students will gain foundational knowledge in microbiological techniques through hands-on practicals and workshops, including bacterial culturing, pathogen observation, and virus detection.

The module begins with an overview of the global impact of infectious disease, encouraging students to consider microbiology in a broader public health, epidemiological and ecological context. We then explore the foundations of microbial life, including archaea, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasitic worms, as well as beneficial microbiota, followed by a detailed examination of bacterial cell structure, growth, and pathogenesis. Students will investigate common infectious agents affecting humans and animals.

Protists are introduced through practicals and lectures covering their ecological roles, and diversity, and the foundational biology of major protozoan parasites that impact human health is introduced. Viral biology is examined in detail, focusing on classification, replication, and major human, and animal viral infections, with an emphasis on vaccine-preventable diseases.

The fungal component explores fungal biology, their applications, and their role as pathogens. Helminths are also covered, with sessions on the biology and impact of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes.

Immune system mechanisms are integrated throughout, with key lectures on innate and adaptive immunity and immune processes.

Assessment Proportions

This module sets the foundation for key concepts in biology that underpin basic understanding of human health and disease and will prepare students for microbiology and immunology content covered in BIOS5102 Microbiology and Immunology, BIOS5201 Cellular Pathology and Medical Microbiology, and BIOS6101 Medical Genetics and Clinical Immunology. This module, together with other modules will provide fundamental knowledge in microbes, pathogens and immunity which are crucial for both Biomedical Scientists and the wider cohort of Biosciences students. Examples will be drawn from a wide range of human, environmental and animal contexts to ensure balanced representation of the global impact of microbes and pathogens. The module will also provide an introduction to epidemiology which will align with content to be delivered in BIOS6202 Global Health Challenges and include discussion of the local versus global impact of infectious diseases, enabling students to consider the impact of colonialism.

This module will be delivered via live lectures and supplemented with workshops and practicals to consolidate learning of the lecture material and develop competence in following protocols, analysing data and reporting results. In addition, guided independent study and online asynchronous learning will support students in locating, reading and interpreting data.

This program will provide learning materials in a variety of different formats to support students with different learning styles. The workshops will provide opportunities through structured activities to provide formative assessment that will be relevant to the coursework. Coursework will be set at the start of the module to enable students to organise their time and provide all students with an equitable assessment experience.

The coursework assessments will focus on comprehension of practical content, data analysis and visual communication and will support students to develop data handling, microbial identification and scientific illustration skills ensuring students reflect on their understanding of microbiology and immunology gained during taught sessions.

Students will be encouraged to utilise digital technology including the use of Gen AI where applicable. Digital resources will be required to prepare infographics and for the analysis of practical results which will contribute to the development of digital literacy.

Students will receive formative feedback through workshops and practicals where they will be expected to work through problems before answers are released and discussed. This will allow students to assess their own understanding and provide opportunity to feedforward into future work.

The examination will test the students’ knowledge and understanding of microbes, pathogens and immunity. Generative AI cannot be utilised in this assessment.

BIOS4203: Foundations of Biomedical Science

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: Equivalent of A Level Biology

BIOS4204: Foundations of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: Equivalent of A Level Biology

Course Description

This module aims to introduce students to the core scientific principles that underpin pharmacology as both a foundational biomedical science and a critical part of modern healthcare. Through this module, students will be introduced to:

How drugs interact with the human body, including the fundamental concepts of pharmacodynamics (drug-target interactions) and pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion).
How biological variables such as age, sex, and ethnicity influence drug action and safety, supporting a personalised approach to medicine.
The drug discovery and development pipeline, from initial target identification through to regulatory approval and clinical use.
The ethical, societal, and public health implications of pharmacological intervention, including the regulation of therapeutic drugs and the use and misuse of non-prescribed drugs.

Students will also:

Develop essential academic and transferable skills, such as critical thinking, evidence-based reasoning, oral and written communication, and collaborative working, through engagement with current topics and case-based discussions.
Gain practical skills in pharmacological methods both in the laboratory and computer lab workshops.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Define what constitutes a drug, describe the main classes of drug targets, and identify emerging therapeutic avenues.
Explain the basic principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, including how factors like age, sex, ethnicity, and pregnancy can influence drug action and disposition.
Describe the roles of various disciplines, such as chemistry and biomedicine, in drug discovery and development, and explain how integrating knowledge from these fields with pharmacology is critical to the process.
List the stages of drug discovery and development, including lead identification, preclinical testing and clinical trials, highlighting the purpose and limitations of each stage.
Describe the impacts of pharmacological risk-benefit assessments and the misuse of drugs on societal health and equity, including the consequences of therapeutic decisions and substance abuse.
Execute a practical pharmacological investigation following a standard protocol, analyse the data obtained and communicate the results accurately and reliably.

Outline Syllabus

BIOS4204 Foundations of Pharmacology introduces students to the fundamental principles and themes within pharmacology. Students will explore how drugs are discovered, developed, used to prevent and treat disease, and the risks and consequences associated with drug abuse.

We will begin by considering what pharmacology is, including a historical and decolonised perspective, and explore what does and does not constitute a drug. Students will learn to assess how drugs exert effects on the body (pharmacodynamics) and how the body processes drugs (pharmacokinetics), including the importance of toxicity and inter-individual variability (e.g. genetics, ancestry, sex, age, and pregnancy).

Students will then be guided through the steps in drug discovery and development, from identifying molecular targets to rational drug design, preclinical testing, and clinical trials. We will explore how collaborative input from disciplines such as chemistry, physiology, pathology, and biomedicine support these processes, and consider both traditional sources of medicines and emerging drug classes, such as biopharmaceuticals. Throughout, students will be encouraged to reflect on the social and ethical dimensions of pharmacology, including risk-benefit analysis, biopiracy, and the global inequities that influence access to medicines.

The latter part of the module will explore issues with drug misuse, including the pharmacology of drugs of abuse. Examples provided will provide the opportunity to consolidate understanding, develop critical thinking, and apply knowledge to real-world health challenges.

The module will equip students with the skills and insight to evaluate the actions, variability, and development of drugs in a scientific and socially conscious context. Students will be supported to reflect on their progress as subject specialists and to consider the role of pharmacologists as contributors to both professional practice and global health.

Assessment Proportions

This module provides the foundation for the more in-depth study of pharmacology at Level 5 (BIOS5105 Pharmacology and BIOS5205 Drug Design and Development), which in turn builds towards the Level 6 module BIOS6104 Advanced Drug Design and Development. The pharmacological concepts covered are core for our BSc and MSci Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science programmes and of relevance to our BSc and MSci Biochemistry, Biomedicine and Biology programmes.

Student learning will be facilitated through a combination of timetabled lectures, practical classes and problem-based group and independent workshop exercises complemented by guided independent learning and reflective tasks, with supportive e-learning resources (e.g. LearnSci simulations, quizzes etc) embedded throughout. Scheduling of workshops and practical classes has been designed to align directly with lecture content on a week-by-week basis, providing reinforcement and offering different ways of learning.

Teaching and assessment will consider the impact of factors such as ethnicity, sex and age on pharmacological outcomes, and how these can lead to inequalities. It will also consider how drug discovery can involve exploitative practices such as biopiracy, and global inequities in access to medicines.

Common barriers experienced by students around disability, language and social factors will be mitigated through the use of inclusive teaching approaches, including accessible online learning resources and inclusive best-practice for assessments. A diversity of assessment methods will be employed, providing opportunities for all students to demonstrate their strengths.

In addition to feedback on summative assessments, additional opportunities for formative assessment and feedback will be provided on a regular basis via: (1) weekly online quizzes and (2) feedback and non-summative peer assessment during workshop sessions. These will empower students with the means to self-assess their learning as the module progresses.

BIOS5102: Microbiology and Immunology

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS4202 (Microbes, Pathogens and Immunity)

Course Description

This module aims to explore the positive and negative roles of microbes with regards to human health. Students will learn how our indigenous microbes help with numerous physiological functions, protect us from invasion by pathogens and how they are tolerated by our immune system.?

Students will take a detailed look at the pathogenic mechanisms of a range of microbes and what makes some more virulent than others. They will learn about our natural defence, the innate and adaptive immune system and how its various components (organs, cells, and messengers) collectively function to fight off infections.

Students will also examine human interventions to control infections, i.e., prevention (e.g. disinfectants, vaccination) and therapy (anti-microbial compounds) and the challenges associated with each.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Demonstrate a detailed understanding of how microbes are classified, adapt to their environment and cause disease.
Demonstrate a detailed understanding of how the mammalian immune system functions to protect against microbial infections.
Follow microbiological protocols accurately and safely using appropriate laboratory equipment to generate meaningful data.
Interpret, evaluate and report scientific data, applying appropriate data presentation methods.
Effectively communicate scientific concepts and information clearly to a scientific audience using appropriate scientific language.
Analyse scientific literature and research to inform understanding of microbiology and immunology concepts.

Outline Syllabus

This module will build on knowledge gained from BIOS4202 Microbes, Pathogens and Immunity to explore the structure, physiology and biochemistry of microorganisms as well as cover the identification and classification of microorganisms including bacteria and viruses. Bacterial growth and nutrition, biofilms and virulence factors will be discussed. The normal human flora and its roles in health will also be discussed as well as pathogen transmission and antibiotic resistance. Viral taxonomy and epidemiology will be explored, alongside emerging viral diseases and their diagnosis.

The response of the body to microbes will then be considered, starting with the introduction of the structure, function and mechanisms of action of the components of the immune system, including innate immunity and complement and antigen receptors and their roles in T and B cells in acquired immunity. Immune responses to different types of pathogenic microbes will then be considered including both acute and chronic inflammation.

Throughout the module, practicals and workshops will be used to develop key microbiological and immunological skills and to consolidate learning of the lecture material, including examining environmental microbes, bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance, phagocytosis by innate immune cells, and complement-mediated lysis.

Assessment Proportions

This module builds on the BIOS4202 Microbes, Pathogens and Immunity module and will prepare students for BIOS6101 Medical Genetics and Clinical Immunology. Where applicable, this module will also prepare students for BIOS5201 Cellular Pathology and Medical Microbiology, where students will learn how microbial diseases are diagnosed in a clinical diagnostic setting e.g. NHS Clinical Pathology Laboratory. This module develops knowledge in microbiology and immune system function which are crucial for both Biomedical Scientists and the wider cohort of Biosciences students. Examples will be drawn from a wide range of human experience and conditions to ensure fair and accurate representation of microbial disease in the human population.

The module will be delivered mainly in a live lecture format, with workshops and practicals to consolidate learning of the lecture material and develop key microbiological and immunological practical skills. This program will provide learning materials in a variety of different formats to support students with different learning styles. The workshops will lay out opportunities through structured activities to provide formative assessment that will be relevant to the coursework. In addition to individual working opportunities provided through different assessments, practicals will include working in pairs which will improve communication and group working skills. Similarly, in some workshops students will be encouraged to work in pairs/small groups to discuss problems.

BIOS5103: Biochemistry of Cellular Metabolism

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS4102 (Molecules to Cells - Introductory Biochemistry and Cell Biology)

Course Description

This module aims to build upon the foundational knowledge acquired during Level 4 studies by developing a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of life, with a particular emphasis on biochemical pathways and their regulatory mechanisms.

Students will explore key metabolic pathways—including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid and amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism—and examine their regulation through the study of enzyme kinetics. The role of metabolism in human health and disease will be illustrated through examples of pathological states, highlighting the clinical relevance of biochemical principles.

The module aims to provide students with essential knowledge that underpins further study across a range of bioscience disciplines, including biomedicine, pharmacology, and neuroscience. Students will also be introduced to contemporary techniques used in biochemistry through practical sessions and workshops, which will support the development of core skills in data analysis, scientific numeracy, and problem-solving. These activities are designed to help students apply theoretical concepts to real-world biochemical problems and effectively communicate scientific findings.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Discuss the major cellular metabolic pathways and demonstrate an understanding of the underlying chemical reactions that drive these biochemical processes.
Explain the molecular mechanisms of energy transduction and ATP synthesis, and apply quantitative analysis to assess energy flow within biological systems.
Utilise the principles of enzyme catalysis to interpret kinetic data and critically assess control mechanisms within metabolic pathways.
Interpret and present scientific data to identify and analyse biochemical processes and reactions.
Conduct scientific investigations using contemporary techniques to explore and understand biochemical reactions.
Demonstrate the application of scientific equations to address biochemical problems and critically assess the feasibility of biochemical reactions.

Outline Syllabus

The module explores the major biochemical pathways and processes that underpin intermediary metabolism, with a primary focus on catabolic reactions and the extraction of chemical energy required to support anabolic processes. It begins with a limited review of relevant Level 4 biochemistry content to ensure foundational understanding before progressing to an in-depth examination of metabolic pathways that convert nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) into cellular components and ultimately into potential energy stored in ATP.

Theoretical knowledge is further reinforced through lectures that examine biochemical diseases, offering insight into how disruptions in metabolic pathways contribute to human pathology and providing real-world context to support conceptual understanding.

Workshops and laboratory sessions complement the lecture material, allowing students to engage in practical investigations, data collection, and analysis. These hands-on activities are designed to deepen understanding of core concepts and enhance scientific and analytical skills.

Student understanding of the module learning outcomes will be assessed through a combination of formative assessments, which include timely feedback to support learning, and summative assessments evaluating overall achievement.

Assessment Proportions

This module is delivered through a combination of in-person lectures, workshops, and practical sessions, all designed to deepen students’ understanding of the core biochemical concepts introduced in lectures. Lecture content is intentionally structured to build upon foundational knowledge from BIOS4102 Molecules to Cells, with each topic in this module beginning with a focused review of relevant Level 4 material to ensure continuity of learning.

The module’s Moodle site serves as the central hub for all learning resources and activities. Teaching materials—including lecture slides, handouts, and video demonstrations—are organised sequentially by topic and made available in advance, in line with best pedagogical practices. This approach supports student preparation, engagement, and equitable access to learning. All lectures are recorded (with captions/summary notes) and uploaded to Moodle within 24 hours to support flexible learning and minimise language barriers.

A combination of formative and summative assessments is used to evaluate student achievement and learning, with a strong emphasis on timely, actionable feedback. Individual Learning Support Plans (ILSPs) are carefully reviewed and implemented to ensure reasonable adjustments, such as extra time, are provided where necessary.

BIOS5104: Fundamentals of Neuroscience

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: None

Course Description

This module will allow students to develop a detailed understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system. Students will learn how the diverse cell types of the nervous system work together to allow it to perform its various complex functions.

We will cover aspects from the microscopic scale, such as the molecular inner workings of single neurons and synapses, up to the large-scale complexity of how brain areas work together to process information and produce behaviour. How these processes are impacted in a variety of neurological disorders will also be considered.

Students will also gain new insight into the range of experimental approaches and techniques that have been used to reveal fundamental aspects of how the nervous system works.

Practical exercises will reinforce lecture content on nervous system cell types and comparative mammalian neuroanatomy while allowing students to gain key practical skills. Through workshop activities students will develop their understanding of the experimental neuroscience techniques and the scientific method, by developing an experimental plan to address a neuroscience research challenge.

This module builds upon foundational neuroscience relevant content taught in BIOS4103 Anatomy and Physiology and BIOS4204 Foundations of Pharmacology and provides a firm foundation for future study on neuroscience modules such as BIOS6105 Advanced Neuroscience - Systems and Circuits and BIOS7102 Brain Disorders (for those on the integrated MSci programme).

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to:

Demonstrate detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular aspects of nervous system function and how neural systems work to regulate physiological and brain functions.
Demonstrate a detailed, systematic understanding of the fundamental approaches of experimental neuroscience that provide the foundations for advances in the discipline.
Analyse current scientific literature including reviews and primary papers, assessing methods and research findings to inform understanding of concepts in Neuroscience.
Propose experimental approaches to investigate defined neuroscience problems, taking into account ethical, practical, methodological and environmental considerations.
Demonstrate increased autonomy and initiative when working both independently and as part of a team, while reflecting on skills and knowledge development relevant to enhancing employability.

Outline Syllabus

In the initial stages of the module, students will develop understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of mammalian nervous system function, considering the role of the diverse cell types that support effective nervous system function. We will then transition to a more systems-level focus, considering firstly the diverse physiological processes regulated by the nervous system and then moving on to the cognitive and behavioural outputs controlled by the circuitry of the mammalian brain. Consideration of experimental neuroscience methods and diseases which impact brain function, at all levels, will be integrated throughout.

A key focus of the module will also be on developing students as critical, engaged and scientific thinkers, with workshops in the module providing a clear, supportive framework for student advancement in the reflective development of these essential scientific skills.

Aligned with the decolonisation agenda students will reflect on historical perspectives and the western bias of experimental neuroscience, and how this is being increasingly recognised and addressed by recent advances in the field at key points within the module. Aligned with the graduate attribute of Academic Excellence, workshop and reflective activities in this module will facilitate the development of students as ethical researchers and problem solvers, with an awareness of the local and global impact and importance of the discipline. In addition, development of the graduate attribute of Professional Excellence will also be facilitated through these workshops, ensuring that students are reflective about their own professional goals and values and equipping them with key experience and transferable skills for graduate-level opportunities (including teamwork, leadership and communication).

Assessment Proportions

Students will learn through lectures, laboratory practicals, problem-based group and independent workshop activities, guided independent learning and reflective exercises. The formative and summative assessment strategy is constructively aligned with the module learning outcomes, the teaching approaches taken, the sequence of activities undertaken by students, and student attainment of the key graduate attributes outlined for this module.

This module builds upon foundational neuroscience relevant content taught at level 4 (BIOS4103 Anatomy and Physiology, BIOS4204 Foundations of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science), and provides a firm foundation for future study on neuroscience modules (BIOS6105 Advanced Neuroscience – Circuits and Systems, BIOS7102 Brain Disorders). Moreover, the module promotes the development of transferrable and scientific skills that provide students with a foundational skill set for future undertaking of undergraduate research projects.

Students will develop critical insight into recent advances in experimental technologies, including AI, applied in the context of neuroscience research through problem-based workshop activities, incorporating formative and summative assessments with multiple feedback intervention points to support and advance student learning. Formative exercises will be integrated into workshops, with feedback provided through peer review activities and feedback from academic staff. Formative, independent online exercises will also provide valuable feedback and learning opportunities throughout the module.

Students will be supported in reflective exercises to identify and then overcome the barriers they personally experience in their learning, including through activities undertaken in workshops. Common barriers experienced by students around disability, language and social factors will be mitigated through the use of inclusive teaching approaches, including accessible online learning resources and inclusive best-practice for assessments.

Weaknesses in the neuroscience field in relation to sex and race will be considered at appropriate points throughout the module, as will the global relevance of research in this field and the limitations to this based on the current state of the field.

BIOS5105: Pharmacology

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS4204 (Microbes, Pathogens and Immunity - Introductory Microbiology)

Course Description

This module aims to build upon the foundational knowledge acquired during Level 4 studies by developing a deeper understanding of the pharmacological principles underlying drug actions.

Students will explore key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles, including how the body handles drugs, adverse effects and toxicity. Therapeutic drug actions in human disease states will be illustrated through examples, highlighting the clinical relevance of pharmacological principles.

The module aims to provide students with essential knowledge that underpins further study across a range of bioscience disciplines, including pharmacology, pharmaceutical science and neuroscience and is also relevant to biomedicine, biochemistry and biology. Students will also be introduced to contemporary techniques used in pharmacology through practical sessions and computer workshops, which will support the development of core skills in data analysis, scientific numeracy, and problem-solving. These activities are designed to help students apply theoretical concepts to real-world pharmacological problems and effectively communicate scientific findings.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to:

Demonstrate a detailed understanding of core concepts in pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and PK-PD Intersection.
Explain the principles of drug binding kinetics and post-target actions; the therapeutic uses of drugs and their actions in disease states; and the emerging field of personalized medicine and the role of pharmacogenetics.
Apply experimental protocols accurately and safely using appropriate laboratory equipment to characterise the biological effects of drugs.
Effectively interpret, evaluate, and communicate pharmacological concepts and data applying appropriate data presentation methods.
Analyse scientific literature and research to inform understanding of pharmacological concepts.
Demonstrate increased autonomy and initiative when working both independently and as part of a team, while reflecting on skills and knowledge development relevant to enhancing employability.

Outline Syllabus

Core pharmacological concepts introduced in BIOS4204 Foundations of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science will be extended in this module. It will begin by reviewing relevant Level 4 content before progressing to an in-depth examination of the theory behind drug binding to a range of key drug targets, and how the body handles drugs (pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism). Lectures will be supported by practical sessions to include both laboratory skills and computer simulations to develop skills in quantitative interpretation of data. These are designed to deepen understanding of core concepts and enhance scientific and analytical skills, providing students with opportunity to apply their knowledge to solve real-world pharmacological problems

The therapeutic uses of drugs will also be covered by using examples of various drug classes that treat different conditions, including neurological, cardiovascular and renal. Examples will include autonomic and neuromuscular pharmacology. An understanding of the potential side effects and adverse reactions, will accompany this section, including drug interactions, tolerance and the use and misuse of non-prescribed drugs.

Assessment Proportions

This module builds on the learning outcomes from BIOS4204 Foundations of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science and will complement elements of BIOS5103 Biochemistry of Cell Metabolism to enable students to gain an understanding of the processes by which drugs are handled by the body - from cellular and molecular mechanisms to their actions at a physiological level. The module will also prepare students for BIOS5205 Drug Design and Development.

Teaching materials including lecture slides, handouts, and video demonstrations are organised sequentially by topic on the module’s Moodle site and made available in advance to supports student preparation, engagement, and equitable access to learning. All lectures are recorded and captioned supporting flexible learning and minimising language barriers.

Students will carry out a series of practical classes and workshops that will be closely aligned with the lecture material. The associated coursework tasks enable students to develop and demonstrate their understanding of methodologies used in these processes, and the data acquisition and analyses that support the theories of drug actions. A combination of formative and summative assessments is used to evaluate student achievement and learning, with a strong emphasis on timely, actionable feedback. The formative and summative assessment strategy is constructively aligned with the module learning outcomes, the teaching approaches taken, the sequence of activities undertaken by students, and student attainment of the module outcomes.

Through this module, students will develop their practical skills, as well as their data analysis and scientific writing skills.

BIOS5202: Cell and Developmental Biology

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS4102 (Molecules to Cells - Introductory Biochemistry and Cell Biology)

Course Description

This module aims to explore the intricate processes through which cells respond to environmental and developmental signals. Students will study the membrane transport and cellular signalling pathways, gene expression regulation, and the molecular mechanisms that guide processes such as growth, differentiation, migration, and survival, including how a single fertilised egg can develop into a multicellular organism. The contribution of stem cells to these processes and how tightly regulated mechanisms shape tissues and organs will also be examined.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to:

Demonstrate a detailed understanding of core concepts in cell and developmental biology.
Demonstrate a detailed understanding of the cellular mechanisms underpinning fertilisation, embryogenesis, and symmetry breaking, and the signalling pathways involved in pattern formation.
Follow appropriate experimental protocols accurately and safely using appropriate laboratory equipment and generate meaningful data.
Effectively interpret, evaluate, and communicate scientific concepts and data applying appropriate data presentation methods.
Analyse scientific literature and research to inform understanding of cell and developmental biology concepts.
Demonstrate increased autonomy and initiative when working both independently and as part of a team.

Outline Syllabus

The overarching aim of the module is to provide a comprehensive overview of cell and developmental biology, integrating fundamental concepts of cellular structure, signalling, and the regulation of development from fertilisation to organogenesis.

Students will be introduced to key principles in cell and developmental biology. The molecular mechanisms involved in cells receiving and acting upon extracellular information will be discussed emphasizing how cell communication and signal transduction govern cellular behaviour and developmental processes. Cell cycle regulation and the role of dynamic cellular architecture in developmental transitions will be examined. The mechanisms underpinning pattern formation and stem cell differentiation will also be considered.

A key focus of the module will be on developing students as critical, engaged and scientific thinkers, with workshops in the module providing a clear, supportive framework for student advancement in the reflective development of these essential scientific skills. Workshops and laboratory sessions complement the lecture material, allowing students to engage in practical investigations, data collection, and analysis. These hands-on activities are designed to deepen understanding of core concepts and enhance scientific and analytical skills.

Assessment Proportions

This module builds upon foundational cell biology content taught in BIOS4102 Molecules to Cells and provides a firm foundation for future study on cell biology modules such as BIOS6204 Cell Signalling in Health and Disease and BIOS6102 Cancer Biology and Therapeutics. The module also promotes the development of transferrable and scientific skills that provide students with a foundational skill set for future undertaking of their undergraduate research projects.

Students will learn through a combination of in-person lectures, workshops, and practical sessions, problem-based group and independent workshop activities, guided independent learning and reflective exercises all designed to deepen students’ understanding of the core concepts introduced in lectures. Teaching materials including lecture slides, handouts, and video demonstrations are organised sequentially by topic on the module’s Moodle site and made available in advance to supports student preparation, engagement, and equitable access to learning. All lectures are recorded and captioned supporting flexible learning and minimising language barriers.

A combination of formative and summative assessments is used to evaluate student achievement and learning, with a strong emphasis on timely, actionable feedback. The formative and summative assessment strategy is constructively aligned with the module learning outcomes, the teaching approaches taken, the sequence of activities undertaken by students, and student attainment of the module outcomes.

BIOS5203: Life Cycle of Proteins

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS4102 (Molecules to Celles - Introductory Biochemistry and Cell Biology)

Course Description

The aim of this module is to provide students with a molecular-level understanding of the complete lifecycle of proteins and the experimental approaches that are used to study them. Proteins are the fundamental functional units of the cell, and their synthesis, trafficking and degradation are tightly regulated to ensure protein homeostasis which is central to cellular health and disease. The module will integrate experimental approaches and techniques used to study proteins and provide insights into their roles in cells.

This module builds upon foundational biochemistry content taught in BIOS4102 Molecules to Cells and provides a firm foundation for future study across a range of disciplines including biology, biomedicine and pharmacology and will underpin Level 6 modules such as BIOS6203 Protein Bioinformatics.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Describe the biochemistry of cellular protein synthesis and degradation pathways.
Explain how proteins are targeted to different locations within the cell.
Discuss the function of protein co- and post-translational modifications.
Compare the experimental and bioinformatic approaches used to study proteins.
Communicate scientific concepts clearly using appropriate scientific terminology.
Interpret, evaluate and report scientific data, applying appropriate statistical techniques and data presentation methods.
Demonstrate proficiency in following laboratory protocols using a range of laboratory equipment safely and with attention to accuracy and reliability.

Outline Syllabus

The module syllabus has been designed to align with the QAA benchmark statement for Biosciences that provide students with a detailed understanding of the key processes in lifecycle of proteins, and the experimental approaches that are used to study them. Lecture content is complemented by a blend of laboratory practicals, computer practicals and workshops to deepen student understanding.

The module will begin with an overview of the lifecycle of proteins and an introduction of the topics to be explored within the module. The module syllabus will first build foundational knowledge of amino acids and their synthesis, then introduce protein sequence and structural analysis and visualisation.

Next the module will cover the complexity of protein translation and occurrence of co- and post-translational modifications, before focusing on protein folding and quality control mechanisms. The processes by which proteins are transported within the cell and targeted to different locations will be examined, and finally the regulation of protein stability and degradation systems will be explored.

The experimental approaches and bioinformatic tools to study proteins are interleaved within these topics and reinforced with laboratory practicals to provide students with experience of key techniques in protein biochemistry.

Assessment Proportions

This module builds upon foundational molecular and cell biology content taught in BIOS4102 Molecules to Cells to develop the study of proteins to provide a molecular-level understanding of their lifecycle from synthesis to degradation. The module aligns with the program learning outcomes to develop specific scientific knowledge and skills as well as provide students with transferrable skills.

The module Moodle page will act as central hub through which students will access the teaching material and additional electronic resources such as LearnSci simulations and worksheets, which will be organised sequentially in weekly topics. To ensure inclusive design all lecture slides and workshop material will be made available ahead of sessions, with captioned lecture recordings provided after sessions to supporting flexible learning and minimising language barriers. To deepen students understanding of the core concepts introduced in lectures, the material will be re-enforced with a variety of workshops, problem-based group work and guided independent learning. Students will gain hands-on-practical experience through a series of practical sessions, consolidated with instructional videos and formative data analysis exercises.

The assessment strategy is constructively aligned with the module learning outcomes, with formative assessment of workshop and quizzes used to evaluate student achievement and learning to provide timely and actionable feedback and encourage reflective learning. Two pieces of summative coursework assessment use authentic and meaningful assessment that builds on this formative framework, with a final exam used to assess students’ attainment of the full range of LLOs.

BIOS5204: Molecular Genetics

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS4201 (Genetics and Biotechnology - Introductory Genetics and Fundamental Biotechnologies - Cloning, PCR, Sequencing etc)

Course Description

The aim of this module is to provide students with an in-depth understanding of the molecular processes that underpin the normal function of genes and genomes, with a focus on eukaryotes, and how these processes can become disrupted in disease. The module will also cover experimental techniques used for genome manipulation and analysis. It builds upon the material introduced in BIOS4201 Genetics and Biotechnology and simultaneously provides underpinning knowledge for BIOS6101 Medical Genetics and Clinical Immunology, for which it is a pre-requisite.

An understanding of molecular genetics and related technologies is foundational to biomedical subject disciplines, and this module is therefore a core part of the curriculum for our Biomedical Science, Biomedicine and Neuroscience programmes and for students undertaking a biomedical route through our Biology programmes. The content is also of relevance to students on Pharmacology and Biochemistry programmes and is available as an option.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Describe in detail the molecular mechanisms involved in the accurate transmission, regulation and function of genetic information.
Explain links between dysfunction of molecular genetic processes and human disease.
Describe technologies used in genetic engineering and in the study and application of molecular genetic processes.
Undertake a practical investigation, including some element of experimental design, critically analyse the data obtained and communicate the results accurately and reliably in an appropriate format.
Analyse current scientific literature including reviews and primary papers, assessing methods and research findings to inform understanding of concepts in molecular genetics.
Effectively communicate molecular genetics concepts and information in appropriate scientific language.

Outline Syllabus

This module aims to equip students with an in-depth understanding of the molecular processes that underpin the normal function of genes and genomes in eukaryotes, and how their disruption leads to human disease. The module will also consider some of the latest technologies used in genetic engineering and the study of molecular genetic processes.

This module will begin with a recap of the central dogma of molecular biology followed by a consideration of genome diversity and chromosomal architecture. Next, we will discuss how genetic information is transmitted to the next generation through replication, and how cells respond to DNA damage to ensure that this information remains intact.

Moving on from the replication of genes to their function, the module explores the intricacies of transcriptional regulation, including the roles of histone modifications and epigenetic factors, as well as the processing pathways that convert RNA transcripts into functional molecules. We will then consider how proteins are translated from an RNA template.

The module will conclude by exploring some of the latest approaches for genome manipulation and analysis, including CRISPR gene editing and gene expression analysis. Lecture content is complemented by workshops and practical classes that provide opportunities to allow you to put theory into practice. The assessment tasks associated with these will allow students to develop skills in experimental design and analysing, interpreting and presenting molecular genetics data.

Assessment Proportions

This module builds on the content delivered in BIOS4201 Genetics and Biotechnology to equip students with an understanding of the increased complexity of eukaryotic systems compared to the prokaryotic equivalents. In turn, it provides a foundation for the clinical genetics content on BIOS6101 Medical Genetics and Clinical Immunology.

Student learning will be facilitated through a combination of timetabled lectures, practical classes and problem-based group and independent workshop exercises complemented by guided independent learning and reflective tasks, with supportive e-learning resources (e.g. LearnSci simulations, quizzes) embedded throughout. Scheduling of workshops and practical classes has been designed to align directly with lecture content on a week-by-week basis, providing reinforcement and offering different ways of learning.

In addition to subject-specific knowledge, the module embeds activities aligned to LU Graduate Attributes centred around professional excellence and global citizenship, with coursework tasks involving self-reflection and sustainable science. Practical sessions will provide opportunities for pair-working, while effective team-working and task management will be a critical part of a quiz-style workshop involving real-time data retrieval and analysis.

Sequencing of coursework assessments has been designed according to principles of feedback to feed-forward. The first coursework assessment is based on a practical class and involves structured data analysis and short answer questions, concluding with a short laboratory report on an experiment. Students will have received feedback on this coursework task via rubric, comments and a workshop session before undertaking the next task. This will involve writing a longer laboratory report where students can act on the feedback they have received, with the coursework also involving opportunity for self-reflection.

BIOS5205: Drug Design and Development

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS4204 & BIOS5105 (Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & Immunity)

Course Description

This module aims to equip students with an in-depth understanding of the processes by which new drugs are discovered and approved for clinical use. They will also gain insight into the regulatory, ethical and commercial considerations associated with the development of new drugs. Students will obtain hands-on experience of some of the techniques involved in drug development and learn how to analyse and present the data obtained, further consolidating their skills in laboratory work and scientific communication.

An understanding of the scientific techniques and regulatory processes involved in the discovery of new drugs is core to the study of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science and Neuroscience. The content of the module is also of relevance to students on Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Biology programmes and it is available as an option for these.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Discuss the stages of drug discovery and development including the purpose, importance, design and limitations of each stage.
Explain the key techniques used in drug design and development from target selection, hit discovery, optimisation, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology through to commercial impact.
Explain the challenges associated with developing and assessing the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic approaches, including the principles and purposes of preclinical and clinical testing strategies, and the legal and regulatory requirements involved.
Effectively communicate concepts in drug design and development using appropriate scientific language.
Apply laboratory techniques to characterise the biological effects of drugs, working from a complex protocol in a safe, accurate and reliable way.
Interpret, evaluate and report scientific data gained from a variety of sources relevant to drug design and development, applying appropriate statistical techniques and data presentation methods.
Analyse current scientific literature including reviews and primary papers, assessing methods and research findings to inform understanding of the processes involved in drug design and development.

Outline Syllabus

This module takes students through the process of drug development - from initial discovery to market. The module is divided into three broad sections, each of which is introduced through a deep dive into a real-world example of a drug or class of drugs.

The module begins by covering lead discovery and optimisation, during which students learn about different approaches for finding new drugs: from high throughput screening of compound libraries to focused screens, virtual screens and structure-based drug design.

Next, the module will move on to the preclinical phase of development. We will explore how preclinical models are used to test pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and how this helps determine factors like drug formulation and dosing schedule. Students will also learn about safety and toxicity testing, and the regulatory considerations involved in preclinical testing.

In the final part of the module, we will consider clinical development, ethical issues, and regulatory affairs. Students learn about the role of clinical trials in determining drug safety and efficacy, considering trial design and the importance of post-approval surveillance. The module concludes by considering the international medicines regulatory process and its requirements and commercial considerations such as intellectual property and patent law.

Lectures are complemented by workshops, practical classes and online resources that enable students to explore the module themes in greater depth as well as gain hands-on experience of some of the techniques used in drug design and development.

Assessment Proportions

This module builds on the learning outcomes from BIOS4204 Foundations of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science and will complement BIOS5105 Pharmacology to enable students to gain an understanding of the processes by which new drugs are designed, developed and come to market, including the growing roles of machine learning and generative AI. The associated coursework tasks enable students to develop and demonstrate their understanding of methodologies used in these processes.

Student learning will be facilitated through a combination of timetabled lectures, practical classes and problem-based group and independent workshop exercises complemented by guided independent learning and reflective tasks, with supportive e-learning resources (e.g. LearnSci simulations, quizzes) embedded throughout. Scheduling of workshops and practical classes has been designed to align directly with lecture content on a week-by-week basis, providing reinforcement and offering different ways of learning.

Common barriers experienced by students around disability, language and social factors will be mitigated through the use of inclusive teaching approaches, including accessible online learning resources (e.g. accessible slides, captioned lecture recordings etc) and inclusive best-practice for assessments.

BIOS6101: Medical Genetics and Clinical Immunology

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS5204 & BIOS5102 (Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & Immunity)

Course Description

This module aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the fundamental concepts and practical applications relevant to clinical immunology and medical genetics.

Students will deepen their understanding of the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to the function of the human immune system in health and disease, and explore how defects in immune activation or regulation can result in immune-related diseases.

They will learn how the human genome is organised, the ways different classes of genetic alterations create disease states, how disease genes are identified and how modern genomics have impacted on medical genetics.

Students will learn about the principles and practice of how immunological techniques and genetic approaches can be used for screening, diagnosis and treatment.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Explain how knowledge and understanding of the functions of the innate and adaptive immune system can be applied to immune-related diseases including immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity, allergy and autoimmunity.
Evaluate the principles and practice of immunological techniques in screening, diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Analyse the structure and variation of the human genome and evaluate how genetic and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to disease, inheritance patterns, and population diversity.
Discuss how genetic diagnostics, including modern genomic technologies and bioinformatics approaches, can identify and diagnose genetic disorders, and critically assess emerging treatments like gene therapy.
Communicate complex scientific concepts and experimental results effectively and engagingly, selecting appropriate content and communication style for the audience.
Demonstrate advanced data analysis and data interpretation skills, including appropriate presentation of results.
Critically evaluate scientific literature and experimental data, identifying gaps in knowledge, methodological strengths/weaknesses, to synthesise evidence-based conclusions.
Apply a range of academic and professional skills to address issues in medical genetics and clinical immunology, demonstrating awareness of ethical and/or multicultural responsibilities.

Outline Syllabus

The first part of the module will focus on concepts in clinical immunology. The module will provide an overview of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and examine the interplay between various components of the immune system. The module will build on a solid mechanistic understanding of immune processes, to examine how immune defects and of failures in immune regulation result in immunodeficiency, chronic inflammation, hypersensitivity, allergy and autoimmunity. The students will also learn how our understanding of the immune system have led to advancements in clinical applications, e.g. in diagnostics, transplantation and immunotherapy for cancer.

The medical genetics part of this module explores the human genome’s structure, variation, and role in disease, blending foundational concepts with modern clinical applications. It begins by deciphering genome organization and inheritance patterns through pedigree analysis and gene mapping. After examining population genetics and evolutionary forces shaping allele frequencies, we shift to genetic disease discovery and clinical diagnostic techniques. We then investigate how genomic technologies are revolutionising diagnosis and personalised medicine, and finish with gene therapy’s promise and limitations, from molecular tools to real-world treatments, including a critical evaluation. Using five immersive case studies, students develop the skills to analyse genetic data, assess risk, and debate therapeutic strategies, mirroring clinical decision-making. By integrating classical genetics with cutting-edge genomics, the module prepares students to engage with the rapidly advancing field of medical genetics.

Assessment Proportions

This module is compulsory for Biomedical Science students, and is an optional module for Biology, Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Pharmacology students.

This module builds on core knowledge acquired in level 5 modules BIOS5102 Microbiology and Immunology and BIOS5203 Molecular Genetics and complements level 6 modules BIOS6102 Cancer Biology and Therapeutics and BIOS6104 Advanced Drug Design and Development.

Material will be delivered through lectures, practicals and workshops. Learning will be supported by Moodle resources that include a reading list with textbooks and further reading, links to additional video recordings, quizzes, worksheets and dedicated forums for lecture material and coursework queries. The lectures will cover fundamental concepts in immunology and genetics and their clinical implications, thus consolidating students’ command of the underlying science. In workshops, as in the labs, students will work individually and in groups. Collectively, this will allow students to showcase their teamwork, leadership, and communication skills, contributing to the consolidation of LU graduate attributes.

Students will have the option to complete formative assessments in the form of quizzes and worksheets. The lab practicals will also be formative, and will provide students with an opportunity apply their laboratory and data analysis skills and receive feedback on the accuracy of their observations (via Moodle). The workshops will be structured so that students build their knowledge progressively and use informal feedback from peers and lecturers, or feedback through interactive class quizzes, to reflect on their progress.

The summative coursework assessments will require students to (1) produce an infographic that showcases the interpretation of data from a primary research paper and explaining scientific findings to a general audience; (2) present a case study from the options introduced in workshops, that describes the scientific background of a genetic disorder, the tests used for diagnosis, explaining results and implications to patients using language accessible to a lay audience. Both pieces of coursework will engage the students’ analytical and data interpretation skills, as well as written and visual communication skills for a specific audience.

By combining mixed modes of delivery (different types of workshops and practical sessions), various forms of formative and summative assessments we aim to reflect the diversity of student learning and communication preferences, and the diversity of skills they need to build as LU STEM graduates.

BIOS6102: Cancer Biology and Therapeutics

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS5204 or BIOS5202 (Molecular Genetics or Cell, Developmental Biology)

Course Description

This module aims to equip students with insight into a range of topics in modern cancer biology, ranging from the genetic changes that underpin the disease through to cancer prevention and treatment. Taking a globally inclusive approach, it examines the causes of cancer at the molecular, cellular and epidemiological level, and encourages students to consider the various means by which the burden of cancer incidence and mortality can be reduced. Workshops and practical classes complement the lecture content to provide students with real-world scenarios of how cancer data is analysed, interpreted and presented, helping them develop advanced analytical and communication skills relevant to careers in cancer research and beyond.

Cancer, its underlying biology and how it is diagnosed, prevented and treated are fundamental topics in biomedicine, and consequently this module is a core part of the curriculum of our Biomedical Science and Biomedicine programmes. This content is also relevant to the study of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biology and is available as an option for students on these programmes.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Explain and critically analyse the genetic and molecular mechanisms underpinning cancer development, including oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and genomic instability.
Evaluate the role of inherited predisposition, environmental factors, and lifestyle risks in cancer aetiology, and assess the evidence behind prevention strategies.
Analyse the scientific basis, benefits, and limitations of current and emerging cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted agents and immunotherapies.
Critically assess the principles and applications of modern genomics in cancer research, diagnosis and treatment.
Interpret and evaluate complex data from molecular studies of cancer, applying statistical tools and bioinformatics approaches to derive meaningful conclusions.
Communicate advanced concepts in cancer biology and therapeutics clearly and appropriately via written material and presentation aids.

Outline Syllabus

This module provides a broad overview of the topic of cancer, covering topics ranging from the genetic and biological changes that underpin the disease through to some of the latest treatments.

We will begin by considering the multi-step process of carcinogenesis where a single transformed cell ultimately results in the formation of a metastatic tumour capable of spread to distant sites in the body. The module will look at how tumour cells progressively acquire the shared characteristics of all cancers, termed cancer hallmarks, and examine the fundamental genetic changes that drive this process.

Following on from this, we will explore the genetic and environmental factors that drive cancer, including inherited predisposition syndromes, infectious agents and lifestyle risks, asking to what extent cancer can be considered a preventable disease. Next, we will discuss screening techniques and diagnostic methods used in clinical practice. Alongside these topics, we will consider the impact of global health inequalities in determining cancer incidence and mortality rates, and how prevention approaches such as vaccination and other public health initiatives can reduce the global cancer burden.

Students will also explore the latest advances in cancer treatment, from targeted therapies to immunotherapy and the challenges of turning scientific discoveries into real-world treatments. Students engage with current research, gaining insights into the future of cancer care and study a range of common and rarer cancers. This will help your understanding of how research is shaping personalised medicine.

By the end of the module, students will have a strong understanding of the causes, prevention, and latest advancements in the treatment of cancer, equipping you with the knowledge and skills for careers in research, biomedicine, biotechnology, and healthcare.

Assessment Proportions

This module provides a broad overview of cancer biology, addressing themes such as the biological basis of cancer and its causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It builds on concepts in genetics and cell biology introduced at Level 4 in BIOS4102 Molecules to Cells and BIOS4201 Genetics and Biotechnology and expanded on at Level 5 in BIOS5202 Cell and Developmental Biology and/or BIOS5204 Molecular Genetics. It enables students to apply what they’ve previously learned about normal cellular and genetic processes to gain an understanding of how cancer arises through subversion of these processes.

Student learning will be facilitated through a combination of timetabled lectures, a practical class and problem-based group and independent workshop exercises complemented by guided independent learning and reflective tasks, with supportive e-learning resources (e.g. quizzes) embedded throughout. Scheduling of workshops and the practical class have been designed to align directly with lecture content on a week-by-week basis, providing reinforcement and offering different ways of learning. Workshops will explore how AI, Big Data and other technological breakthroughs are revolutionising our understanding of cancer and how it can be treated.

The module presents an inclusive perspective on cancer throughout, highlighting the impact of national and global health disparities on cancer incidence and outcomes. Common barriers experienced by students around disability, language and social factors will be mitigated through the use of inclusive teaching approaches, including accessible online learning resources (e.g. prior availability of slides, captioned lecture recordings) and inclusive best-practice for assessments.

The coursework will assess students' abilities to analyse and present cancer data through a scenario-based task that is based on important real-world skills in cancer research. Opportunities for formative self- and peer-assessment will be provided in workshops and online resources, covering techniques for data analysis and visualisation, as well as a formative exam revision and technique workshop. These will provide students with the tools they need to assess their engagement with learning outcomes.

BIOS6103: Bioinformatics

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS5103 or BIOS5203 (Biochemistry or Lifecycle of Proteins - Advanced Biochemistry)

Course Description

Bioinformatics techniques are central to the practice of modern experimental biology, applied across numerous disciplines including genetics, microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, cell biology, and the “Omics” family of research technologies, as well as many aspects of medicine. This module aims to provide students with a comprehensive overview of the theory and practice of bioinformatics. Students will become competent in the use of a wide range of applications, databases and websites for bioinformatics. Students will also develop their scientific communication skills through the production of coursework outputs in the style typical of the presentation of bioinformatics results in the scientific literature.

Educational Aims

On successful completion of this module students will be able to:

Discuss the theoretical basis of a range of important bioinformatics methods.
Demonstrate competence in the practical use of those bioinformatics methods.
Evaluate the appropriateness of different bioinformatics techniques for the solution of specific research questions in a variety of disciplines.
Select appropriate bioinformatics tools and demonstrate their application to specific research questions.
Demonstrate advanced data collection, analysis and interpretation skills and appropriate presentation of results.
Communicate complex concepts and results effectively and engagingly in a suitable format.
Critically evaluate scientific literature, identifying strengths and weaknesses in different methodological approaches and gaps in knowledge, to synthesise evidence-based conclusions.

Outline Syllabus

The module syllabus has been designed to align with the QAA benchmark statement for Biosciences to provide students with theoretical background and practical skills in computational tools for bioinformatics.

For each theoretical topic, practical bioinformatics methods for its analysis are introduced and their basic algorithms presented. In tandem with this theoretical course, training is given in a selection of those bioinformatics methods during the practical sessions. The module is designed to be a capstone over several themes introduced throughout our various degree programmes.

The course content will cover the following topics:

Protein bioinformatics, including protein structure prediction and visualization, and the annotation and classification of protein sequences
Genomic sequence bioinformatics, including homology searching, sequence alignment and the calculation of genetic distance
Evolutionary bioinformatics, including the detection of selection pressure on proteins, and phylogenetics
Bioinformatics for drug design, including in silico docking
Bioinformatics for “Omics” technologies

Integration of these topics is emphasised, showing how insights from one area inform others.

Assessment Proportions

This is a core module for Biochemistry and optional for the Biology, Biomedicine and Pharmacology programmes. The module is designed to be a capstone over several themes of protein biochemistry, genetics and evolution introduced throughout the bioscience degree programmes and it builds upon foundational protein biochemistry biology content taught in BIOS5203: Life cycle of Proteins (core for Biochemistry, option for Biology, Biomedicine and Pharmacology) and BIOS5204 Molecular Genetics (core for Biomedicine, option for Biochemistry, Biology and Pharmacology). The module aligns with the program learning outcomes to develop specific scientific knowledge and skills as well as provide students with transferrable skills.

The module Moodle page will act as central hub through which students will access the teaching material and additional resources organised sequentially into topics sub divided into weekly sections. To promote inclusion and engagement all lecture slides and workshop material will be made available ahead of sessions, with captioned lecture recordings provided after sessions to supporting flexible learning and minimising language barriers. To deepen students understanding of the core concepts introduced in lectures, the students will gain hands-on experience of using the bioinformatic tools in computer lab sessions with in-session formative feedback, problem-based workshop activities and guided independent learning. The workshops will draw on authentic case studies of the application of these tools to understanding molecular evolution, grounding abstract concepts to helps students see how protein bioinformatics applies to evolutionary questions and biomedical problems. Many of the case studies involve events in the Global South, aligning with Lancaster’s commitment to a globally relevant curriculum.

The assessment strategy is constructively aligned with the module learning outcomes, with the critical analysis of the computer lab sessions assessed through two pieces of summative coursework assessment and a final exam used to assess students’ attainment of the full range of LLOs.

BIOS6104: Advanced Drug Design and Development

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS5205 (Lifecycle of Proteins - Advanced Biochecmistry)

Course Description

This module aims to provide students with a comprehensive and critical understanding of the cutting-edge approaches used in the discovery and development of advanced therapeutics. Building upon prior knowledge of pharmacology, including the level 5 Drug Design and Development module, this module introduces students to novel modalities that are transforming the way we prevent and treat disease. These include targeted protein degraders (e.g. PROTACs and molecular glues), biologics such as monoclonal antibodies, nanomedicines, gene and cell therapies, immunotherapies, and RNA-based technologies.

A central aim of the module is to foster students’ ability to evaluate the scientific, clinical and translational potential of these approaches in real-world contexts, with reference to specific disease areas such as oncology, neuroscience and neglected tropical diseases. Students will be encouraged to develop an integrated understanding of how molecular design, biological mechanisms, and technological innovations intersect in modern drug development.

The module also aims to cultivate a range of advanced academic and transferable skills. These include critical engagement with scientific literature, independent research planning, and data interpretation relevant to drug efficacy and safety. Students will practise communicating complex scientific ideas in a variety of formats.

Through a mixture of lectures, workshops, and case-based learning, the module seeks to promote collaborative problem-solving, reflective learning, and ethical awareness in the context of contemporary pharmaceutical science. The overall aim is to prepare students for future roles in research, development, regulatory science or interdisciplinary healthcare teams.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Critically explain and compare the mechanisms and therapeutic value of advanced drug modalities (e.g. PROTACs, monoclonal antibodies, RNA therapeutics, gene and cell therapies) in the context of treating diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders and infections.
Evaluate the advantages, limitations and translational challenges of novel therapeutic approaches, drawing on case studies from a range of disease contexts.
Critically evaluate recent advances in drug-library screening technologies, including the development and application of DNA-encoded libraries, in accelerating hit identification and lead optimisation in drug discovery.
Effectively communicate complex scientific concepts relating to drug design, development and analysis.
Interpret and analyse experimental or clinical data relevant to advanced therapeutics using appropriate data presentation methods.
Critically evaluate drug design and delivery challenges in complex disease contexts, including neurological disorders and neglected tropical diseases, with reference to global health priorities and unmet clinical need.

Outline Syllabus

This module begins by exploring the principles underpinning traditional drug discovery, using well-characterised drug targets such as kinases to illustrate established strategies in small molecule design. It then progresses to consider less conventional yet tractable targets—such as kinesins and deubiquitinating enzymes before tackling the challenge of so-called “undruggable” proteins, providing a platform for understanding why some proteins evade classical inhibition approaches.

Building on this foundation, the module introduces a diverse array of modern therapeutic modalities that are expanding the boundaries of drug development. These include targeted protein degraders such as PROTACs and molecular glues, as well as antibody-based therapies, RNA therapeutics, and advanced gene and cell-based approaches. Emphasis is placed on understanding the underlying mechanisms, design strategies, and clinical applications of these therapies.

Students then examine the specific design challenges faced in areas of high unmet need, with a focus on neurological disorders and neglected tropical diseases. These complex disease contexts serve to illustrate the importance of drug delivery, and global health relevance.

The latter part of the module explores cutting-edge approaches in drug discovery, including the use of DNA-encoded libraries (DELs), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning to accelerate compound screening and optimise lead candidates.

The module concludes by reflecting on emerging themes in drug design and development. Throughout the course, workshops and real-world case studies reinforce conceptual understanding and allow students to critically evaluate the application of these techniques in current biomedical research and translational science.

Assessment Proportions

This module builds on prior knowledge of pharmacology gained at Levels 4 and 5, particularly building on Level 5 BIOS5205 Drug Design and Development, which is a pre-requisite for the module. This module will equip students with the skills to critically evaluate and apply emerging drug design strategies to global health challenges. It complements earlier modules by deepening students’ understanding of novel drug modalities and translational science.

Teaching methods are grounded in constructivist and inquiry-based pedagogy, using lectures, interactive workshops, and computer practical session to foster critical thinking and scientific reasoning. Case studies across oncology and neuroscience provide real-world relevance, and the use of neglected disease contexts supports the integration of diverse biomedical perspectives. Students engage with current research literature, helping them develop confidence in navigating complex, evolving knowledge landscapes.

Digital tools and platforms are used to support active learning, inclusivity, and accessibility. The teaching encourages responsible engagement with generative AI and bioinformatics tools, preparing students to navigate the future of drug discovery with critical digital literacy.

Assessment is designed with constructive alignment in mind. A data-focused recorded presentation enables students to analyse and communicate drug development data in accessible, engaging formats, addressing barriers such as test anxiety and allowing flexibility in how students demonstrate knowledge. The final written exam tests broader critical understanding of emerging therapeutics and methodologies.

Formative feedback is embedded via a Moodle quiz after early workshops, which will prepare students for their data-analysis coursework later in the module. Peer discussion and academic guidance in workshops will further support skills development in communication and critical appraisal. In the latter parts of the module, students are encouraged to reflect on the impact of inequality in global drug development and to consider the ethical dimensions of access to advanced therapeutics.

BIOS6105: Advanced Neuroscience - Circuits and Systems

Terms Taught: Michaelmas
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS5104 (Fundamentals of Neuroscience)

Course Description

This module aims to equip students with a deep understanding of how brain circuits are set up and how they work to process information and produce behaviour. The module builds on the fundamental knowledge gained at Level 5 (BIOS5104 fundamentals of Neuroscience) on the diverse cell types of the nervous system and the molecular mechanisms involved in processing information.

As students learn about the neural control of complex behaviours, learning and memory and higher order cognitive processes, the module aims to embed an appreciation of the valuable role that experiments conducted in a diverse range of organismal models has played in elucidating the developmental pathways, molecular mechanisms and neural circuits underlying behaviours.

Practical exercises illustrating how some functions of nervous systems can be manipulated by genetic intervention and measured by behavioural assays, aim to develop students’ skills in experimental design and data collection, analysis, interpretation and communication.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Critically evaluate the use of model organisms to address fundamental research questions in neurobiology, with reference to their advantages, limitations and translational relevance.
Analyse and synthesise current understanding of the neural circuitry underlying sensory perception and complex behaviours including courtship, circadian rhythms and sleep, integrating evidence from experimental models.
Discuss and compare the neural mechanisms of learning, memory, and higher order cognitive processes in model organisms, relating these to human neurobiology.
Explain and evaluate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neural development, including cell specification and axon guidance, with reference to experimental evidence.
Design and conduct laboratory investigations in a responsible and safe manner.
Critically analyse, interpret and present scientific data using appropriate quantitative methods, and communicate findings effectively in a scientifically rigorous report.

Outline Syllabus

This module provides an in-depth exploration of behavioural neuroscience, emphasising model organisms and experimental techniques. Students are introduced to key model systems (e.g., Drosophila, C. elegans, and mammals) and foundational concepts in neural function and behavioural regulation. The module begins with a refresher and orientation to model systems, followed by lectures on sensory processing, focusing on olfaction, gustation, audition, and vision. The module progresses to examine complex behaviours, including courtship, mating, and circadian rhythms, alongside lectures on rhythmic behaviours and their neural underpinnings. A central component of the module addresses learning and memory, first in invertebrates and then in mammals, covering both foundational principles and advanced mechanisms. Higher-order cognition, with an emphasis on social behaviour, introduces students to the neural substrates of complex cognitive functions. Developmental neuroscience is covered through sessions on neural induction, nervous system patterning, and axon pathfinding, providing a developmental perspective on neural circuit formation.

Practical sessions in behavioural analysis using Drosophila and C. elegans enable hands-on experience in behavioural neuroscience. Workshops cover neurotransmission, neuropharmacology, and experimental design, ensuring students are well-versed in both conceptual and methodological aspects of neuroscience. Advanced workshops in data analysis and systems neuroscience prepare students for handling complex datasets, encouraging critical thinking and research design skills.

Assessment Proportions

Module content aligning to learning outcomes is delivered to students via a combination of lectures, workshops, laboratory practicals and guided independent study. All learning resources (e.g. module content, guidance, lecture slides) will be designed to be inclusive and will be available via Moodle at least one week in advance of scheduled teaching events.

Lectures delivered in person build on the fundamental neuroscience knowledge gained at Level 5 in BIOS5104 Fundamentals of Neuroscience, beginning with an introductory refresher lecture, followed by advanced content on behavioural and developmental neuroscience. Lectures will be recorded and uploaded with captions to Moodle and students guided to recommended reading available on the module resource site. Summative assessment of subject knowledge will be via in person written exams.

Workshops and lab practicals will align to lecture content and provide guided opportunity for students to apply their knowledge to experimental design and data analysis, and to gain further subject knowledge depth. Students will have the opportunity to work in groups and individually. The lab practicals on behavioural analysis skills will be assessed summatively in the form of a written practical report. A formative assessment in the form of an experimental design plan will be carried out in a workshop prior to the lab practicals and students will receive feedback that will inform their summative assessment. Students will have further opportunities for feedback and reflection on their learning during a consolidation/revision workshop at the end of the module.

BIOS6202: Global Health Challenges

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: No Pre-Requisites - but Biology students must take either BIOS6202 or LECX6144

Course Description

This module aims to…

Integrate core scientific knowledge to understand and address global health issues.
Promote skills in critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and ethical decision-making.
Embed and evidence graduate attributes: inclusivity, sustainability, academic and professional excellence, and global citizenship.
Prepare students for careers in science, policy or global health.

Educational Aims

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to…

Critically evaluate the biological, environmental, social, and political determinants of major global health challenges.
Integrate knowledge from the biosciences to assess global health issues and how public health strategies can address them.
Appraise the impact of climate change, infectious diseases and ageing populations on human health challenges and evaluate interdisciplinary approaches to address them.
Analyse and interpret data to assess disease trends and evaluate interventions.
Critically assess current and emerging pharmacological, biotechnological or policy solutions to global health issues.
Communicate complex scientific concepts and evidence-based arguments clearly and effectively, to both specialist and non-specialist audiences, using appropriate formats.
Critically reflect on personal awareness of global health challenges and the impact bioscience graduates can play in addressing health issues affecting local and global communities.

Outline Syllabus

The module equips students with a critical understanding of key issues affecting human health globally, and an appreciation that human health is a complex, interdisciplinary concern shaped by biological, social, economic, and environmental factors.

The module begins by exploring social determinants of health, analysing how factors such as age, gender and income impact access to healthcare treatment and influence disease outcomes. The module encourages students to examine ethical issues related to human health and highlights the vital role that science communication and advocacy plays in turning scientific evidence into practical action.

Building on this foundation, the module considers non-communicable diseases and their global rise in ageing populations, and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), highlighting the disproportionately high burden of NTDs in low- and middle-income countries. A critical examination of other new and emerging infectious diseases follows, along with a consideration of the importance of vaccines in promoting health, as well as the societal consequences of vaccine misinformation. The concept of One Health is explored, emphasising the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, especially in the context of antimicrobial resistance and sustainable drug use, as well as the increasing impact of climate change on human health. Finally, the module addresses the transformative potential afforded by technology and AI in healthcare settings, but equally the legal and ethical complexities arising from their use.

The module promotes Graduate Attributes of Academic Excellence through critical engagement with interdisciplinary literature, Professional Excellence via real-world application and ethical analysis, and Global Citizenship by promoting equity, cultural awareness, and sustainability in global health practice.

Assessment Proportions

The module is compulsory for the majority of students taking BLS programmes and while the module has no pre-requisites, it requires students to apply knowledge and perspectives acquired from their studies to diverse global health issues. Students on Biology programmes may choose LECX6144 Interdisciplinary Conservation Science as an alternative to taking this module.

The module employs a collaborative learning approach aligned with programme learning, teaching, and assessment strategies. Teaching methods include lectures introducing core topics (recorded and uploaded with captions to Moodle), and workshops involving interdisciplinary group work where students engage in detail with complex global health scenarios. The module will also challenge students to consider how colonial histories, and structural inequalities may shape health systems and policies globally and aligns with the university’s commitment to decolonisation.

Assessment is 100% coursework-based and aligns with MLOs. It uses a diversity of assessment types to provide students with an equitable and inclusive learning experience.

Working in groups, students prepare an oral presentation to demonstrate critical understanding of a global health issue and interdisciplinary perspectives on intervention strategies. The presentation simulates real-world global health practice and develops communication and advocacy skills.

Students individually prepare a policy brief that explores a specific global health issue and communicates findings to a non-specialist audience.

Students reflect on the learning journey across their degree, their experience of the Global Health Challenges module and their professional growth in relation to academic excellence, global citizenship, and ethical responsibility.

Workshops provide students with an opportunity for interactive learning and the development of skills required to complete coursework assessments, with formative feedback provided during workshops to support completion of assessments.

The module reflects the programme’s commitment to research-informed teaching, authentic assessment, and development of reflective, socially responsible graduates with a critical appreciation of contemporary global health issues. The module reinforces the critical role bioscience graduates can play in addressing health challenges affecting local and global communities.

BIOS6203: Biology of Ageing

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: None

BIOS6204: Cell Signalling in Health and Disease

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: BIOS5202 (Cell, Developmental Biology)

BIOS6205: Ethics in Biomedicine

Terms Taught: Lent / Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS
Pre-requisites: None

NATS6201: Teaching, Outreach and Public Engagement

Terms Taught: Lent/Summer
US Credits: 5 US Semester Credits
ECTS Credits: 10 ECTS Credits
Pre-requisites: None