Students are provided with a comprehensive coverage of the problems related to data representation, manipulation and processing in terms of extracting information from data, including big data. They will apply their working understanding to the data primer, data processing and classification. They will also enhance their familiarity with dynamic data space partitioning, using evolving, clustering and data clouds, and monitoring the quality of the self-learning system online.

Students will also gain the ability to develop software scripts that implement advanced data representation and processing, and demonstrate their impact on performance. In addition, they will develop a working knowledge in listing, explaining and generalising the trade-offs of performance, as well as the complexity in designing practical solutions for problems of data representation and processing in terms of storage, time and computing power.

This module will help you understand what the data science role entails and how that individual performs their job within an organisation on a day-to-day basis. You will look at how research is performed in terms of formulating a hypothesis and the implication of research findings, and be aware of different research strategies and when these should be applied. You will gain an understanding of data processing, preparation and integration, and how this enables research to be performed and you will learn how data science problems are tackled in an industrial setting, and how such findings are communicated to people within the organisation.

This module is designed for students that are completely new to programming, and for experienced programmers, bringing them both to a high-skilled level to handle complex data science problems. Beginner students will learn the fundamentals of programming, while experienced students will have the opportunity to sharpen and further develop their programming skills. The students are going to learn data-processing techniques, including visualisation and statistical data analysis. For a broad formation, in order to handle the most complex data science tasks, we will also cover problem solving, and the development of graphical applications. Two open source programming languages will be used, R and Python.

This module will only be completed by students who, depending on their mathematical background, require an introduction, at the graduate level, to two core areas which are essential building blocks to further advanced study of statistical modelling, methodology and theory. Students will study either this module or the other core module titled ‘Statistical Foundations I' but not both.

This module will motivate the use of statistical modelling as a tool for making inferences on a population given a sample of data. Students will be introduced to the basic terminology of statistical modelling, and the similarities and differences between statistical and machine learning approaches will be discussed to lay the foundations for the development of both of these over the remaining core modules They will cover the concepts of sampling uncertainty, statistical inference and model fitting, with sampling uncertainty used to motivate the need for standard errors and confidence intervals. Once core concepts have been established, linear regression and generalised linear models will be introduced as essential statistical modelling tools. An understanding of these models will be obtained through implementation in the statistical software package R.

This module is only core for those with the required mathematical background to complete it. Some students may require an introduction to the area, at the graduate level, and they will study the core module titled ‘Statistical Fundamentals I’. If you complete this module, you will not be required to take Statistical Fundamentals I.

The areas that will be covered are statistical inference using maximum likelihood and generalised linear models (GLMs). Building on an undergraduate-level understanding of mathematics, statistics (hypothesis testing and linear regression) and probability (univariate discrete and continuous distributions; expectations, variances and covariances; the multivariate normal distribution), this module will motivate the need for a generic method for model fitting and then demonstrate how maximum likelihood provides a solution to this. Following on from this, GLMs, a widely and routinely used family of statistical models, will be introduced as an extension of the linear regression model.

This module provides an introduction to statistical learning. General topics covered include big data, missing data, biased samples and recency. Likelihood and cross-validation will be introduced as generic methods to fit and select statistical learning models. Cross-validation will require an understanding of sample splitting into calibration, training and validation samples. The focus will then move to handling regression problems for large data sets via variable reduction methods such as the Lasso and Elastic Net. A variety of classification methods will be covered including logistic and multinomial logistic models, regression trees, random forests and bagging and boosting. Examination of classification methods will culminate in neural networks which will be presented as generalised linear modelling extensions. Unsupervised learning for big data is then covered including K-means, PAM and CLARA, followed by mixture models and latent class analysis.

This module provides students with up-to-date information on current applications of data in both industry and research. Expanding on the module ‘Fundamentals of Data’, students will gain a more detailed level of understanding about how data is processed and applied on a large scale across a variety of different areas.

Students will develop knowledge in different areas of science and will recognise their relation to big data, in addition to understanding how large-scale challenges are being addressed with current state-of-the-art techniques. The module will provide recommendations on the Social Web and their roots in social network theory and analysis, in addition their adaption and extension to large-scale problems, by focusing on primer, user-generated content and crowd-sourced data, social networks (theories, analysis), recommendation (collaborative filtering, content recommendation challenges, and friend recommendation/link prediction).

On completion of this module, students will be able to create scalable solutions to problems involving data from the semantic, social and scientific web, in addition to abilities gained in processing networks and performing of network analysis in order to identify key factors in information flow.

In this module we explore the architectural approaches, techniques and technologies that underpin today's Big Data system infrastructure and particularly large-scale enterprise systems. It is one of two complementary modules that comprise the Systems stream of the Computer Science MSc, which together provide a broad knowledge and context of systems architecture enabling students to assess new systems technologies, to know where technologies fit in the larger scheme of enterprise systems and state of the art research thinking, and to know what to read to go deeper.

The principal ethos of the module is to focus on the principles of Big Data systems, and applying those principles using state of the art technology to engineer and lead data science projects. Detailed case studies and invited industrial speakers will be used to provide supporting real-world context and a basis for interactive seminar discussions.

Clinical trials are planned experiments on human beings designed to assess the relative benefits of one or more forms of treatment. For instance, we might be interested in studying whether aspirin reduces the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, or we may wish to assess whether a new immunosuppressive drug improves the survival rate of transplant recipients.

This module combines the study of technical methodology with discussion of more general research issues, beginning with a discussion of the relative advantages and disadvantages of different types of medical studies. The module will provide a definition and estimation of treatment effects. Furthermore, cross-over trials, issues of sample size determination, and equivalence trials are covered. There is an introduction to flexible trial designs that allow a sample size re-estimation during the ongoing trial. Finally, other relevant topics such as meta-analysis and accommodating confounding at the design stage are briefly discussed.

Students will gain knowledge of the basic elements of clinical trials. They will develop the ability to recognise and use principles of good study design, and will also be able to analyse and interpret study results to make correct scientific inferences.

Distributed artificial intelligence is fundamental in contemporary data analysis. Large volumes of data and computation call for multiple computers in problem solving. Being able to understand and use those resources efficiently is an important skill for a data scientist. A distributed approach is also important for fault tolerance and robustness, as the loss of a single component must not significantly compromise the whole system. Additionally, contemporary and future distributed systems go beyond computer clusters and networks. Distributed systems are often comprised of multiple agents -- multiple software, humans and/or robots that all interact in problem solving. As a data scientist, we may have control of the full distributed system, or we may have control of only one piece, and we have to decide how it must behave in face of others in order to accomplish our goals.

Every managerial decision concerned with future actions is based upon a prediction of some aspects of the future. Therefore, forecasting plays a vital role in enhancing managerial decision-making.

After introducing the topic of forecasting in organisations, time series patterns and simple forecasting methods (naïve and moving averages) are explored. Then, the extrapolative forecasting methods of exponential smoothing and ARIMA models are considered. A detailed treatment of causal modelling follows, with a full evaluation of the estimated models. Forecasting applications in operations and marketing are then discussed. The module ends with an examination of judgmental forecasting and how forecasting can best be improved in an organisational context. Assessment is through a report aimed at extending and evaluating student learning in causal modelling and time series analysis.

Almost every set of data, whether it consists of field observations, data from laboratory experiments, clinical trial outcomes, or information from population surveys or longitudinal studies, has an element of missing data. For example, participants in a survey or clinical trial may drop-out of the study, measurement instruments may fail, or human error invalidate instrumental readings. Missingness may or may not be related to the information being collected; for instance, drop out may occur because a patient dislikes the side-effects of an experimental treatment or because they move out of the area or because they find that they no longer have the time to attend follow up appointments. In this module you will learn about the different ways in which missing data can arise, and how these can be handled to mitigate the impact of the missingness on the data analysis. Topics covered include single imputation methods, Bayesian imputation, multiple imputation (Rubin's rules, chained equations and multivariate methods, as well as suitable diagnostics) and modelling dropout in longitudinal modelling.

Optimisation, sometimes called mathematical programming, has applications in many fields, including operational research, computer science, statistics, finance, engineering and the physical sciences. Commercial optimisation software is now capable of solving many industrial-scale problems to proven optimality.

The module is designed to enable students to apply optimisation techniques to business problems. Building on the introduction to optimisation in the first term, students will be introduced to different problem formulations and algorithmic methods to guide decision making in business and other organisations.

Introducing epidemiology, the study of the distribution and determents of disease in human population, this module presents its main principles and statistical methods. The module addresses the fundamental measures of disease, such as incidence, prevalence, risk and rates, including indices of morbidity and mortality.

Students will also develop awareness in epidemiologic study design, such as ecological studies, surveys, and cohort and case-control studies, in addition to diagnostic test studies. Epidemiological concepts will be addressed, such as bias and confounding, matching and stratification, and the module will also address calculation of rates, standardisation and adjustment, as well as issues in screening.

This module provides students with a historical and general overview of epidemiology and related strategies for study design, and should enable students to conduct appropriate methods of analysis for rates and risk of disease. Students will develop skills in critical appraisal of the literature and, in completing this module, will have developed an appreciation for epidemiology and an ability to describe the key statistical issues in the design of ecological studies, surveys, case-control studies, cohort studies and RCT, whilst recognising their advantages and disadvantages.

This module addresses a range of topics relating to survival data; censoring, hazard functions, Kaplan-Meier plots, parametric models and likelihood construction will be discussed in detail. Students will engage with the Cox proportional hazard model, partial likelihood, Nelson-Aalen estimation and survival time prediction and will also focus on counting processes, diagnostic methods, and frailty models and effects.

The module provides an understanding of the unique features and statistical challenges surrounding the analysis of survival avant history data, in addition to an understanding of how non-parametric methods can aid in the identification of modelling strategies for time-to-event data, and recognition of the range and scope of survival techniques that can be implemented within standard statistical software.

General skills will be developed, including the ability to express scientific problems in a mathematical language, improvement of scientific writing skills, and an enhanced range of computing skills related to the manipulation on analysis of data.

On successful completion of this module, students will be able to apply a range of appropriate statistical techniques to survival and event history data using statistical software, to accurately interpret the output of statistical analyses using survival models, fitted using standard software, and the ability to construct and manipulate likelihood functions from parametric models for censored data. Students will also gain observation skills, such as the ability to identify when particular models are appropriate, through the application of diagnostic checks and model building strategies.